ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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30. Blitshteyn, M., “Wetting tension measurements on corona-treated polymer films,” in 1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 189-195, TAPPI Press, Aug 1994 (also in TAPPI J., V. 78, p. 138-143, Mar 1995).
56. Cheatham, C.M., J.L. Cooper, and M.H. Hansen, “Surface characterization of LDPE extrusion coatings after flame and corona treatments,” in 1993 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 321-328, TAPPI Press, Aug 1993.
79. DiBello, L., “An alternate technique for the measurement of surface tension of treated substrates,” in 1990 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 801-803, TAPPI Press, Aug 1990.
82. DiGiacomo, J.D., “Advanced technology flame plasma surface treating systems,” in 1993 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 227-233, TAPPI Press, Aug 1993 (also in 36th Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, p. 356-361, Society of Vacuum Coaters, Nov. 1993).
83. DiGiacomo, J.D., “Flame plasma treatment - a viable alternative to corona treatment,” in 1995 Polymers, Laminations, & Coatings Conference Proceedings, 173-183, TAPPI Press, Aug 1995.
130. Gilbertson, T.J., “Mixing water with electrical energy - succesful printing with water-based inks,” in 1991 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 321-328, TAPPI Press, Aug 1991.
153. Hansen, M.H., M.F. Finlayson, and M.H. Vaughn, “Characterizing aluminum adhesion for low density polyethylene,” in 1991 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 349-352, TAPPI Press, Aug 1991.
205. Kuusipalo, J., and A. Savolainen, “Ozone, generated at corona treater, as an adhesion promoter in extrusion coating,” in 1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 325-333, TAPPI Press, Aug 1994 (also in TAPPI J., Vol. 77, p.162-166 (Dec 1994)).
The trials documented in this paper were run on a pilot coextrusion coating line at the Tampere University of Technology's Institute of Paper Converting in Finland. The study was conducted to test the ozonization system that was installed in our pilot line to treat the polymer melt in extrusion coating. The effect of the ozone, generated at the corona treater, on adhesion was studied. Ozone was first captured and transported to the nip with separate pipes. It was then led to an air knife near the air gap and blown against the polymer melt. The measured adhesion showed the usefulness of this technique. The following parameters were varied to determine the effectiveness of the ozone: substrate, line speed, coating weight, and melt temperature. Results indicated that thicker coating weights and higher melt temperatures improved adhesion values. The corona-generated ozone clearly improved adhesion compared to corona-treated or untreated samples.
223. Lindland, H.T., and C. Granville, “New developments in flame treating,” in Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings 1999 (Book 2), TAPPI Press, Aug 1990.
231. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment: an overview,” in 1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 159-188, TAPPI Press, Sep 1994.
With the advent of readily available nonpaper substrates (plastics and foils) in the mid-to-late 1950’s, the requirement for a reliable production speed surface treatment process became apparent. Several different technologies have been tried, but one, corona treatment, has become, by far, the primary surface treatment technology used across the Extrusion and Converting Industries. We will touch on these various technologies, technically describe the need for surface treatment and how it is measured, trace the development of corona treatment as the leading surface treatment method, and detail the current state-of-the-art in equipment, control parameters and applications.
232. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treating electrodes: effect on treatment level and efficiency,” in 1995 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 159-166, TAPPI Press, Aug 1995.
235. Maust, M.J., “Low VOC inks: correlation of two-parameter surface energies to printability on plastic films,” in 1992 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 391-396, TAPPI Press, Aug 1992.
299. Potts, M.W., M.H. Hansen, B.T. Kuettel, and J.D. Goins, “Effect of corona and flame treatments on extrusion coating performance properties,” in 1993 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 443-449, TAPPI Press, Aug 1993.
335. Sherman, P.B., D. Clarke, and J. Marriott, “Significant improvements to extrusion coating processing aids,” in 1991 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 119-130, TAPPI Press, Aug 1991.
337. Sherman, P.B., S. Greig, and M.P. Garrard, “Corona generated ozone - its in-house destruction,” in 1992 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 325-334, TAPPI Press, Aug 1992.
338. Sherman, P.B., S. Greig, and E.H. Gray, “Adhesion promoters in the manufacture of self-adhesive materials,” in 1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 201-210, TAPPI Press, Sep 1994.
358. Su, C.C., “Low volatile organic compounds coatings; surface energy considerations,” in 1993 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 491-499, TAPPI Press, Aug 1993.
404. no author cited, “Standard T552: Determination of wetting tension of polyolefin films and coated surfaces via the mayer rod technique,” in TAPPI 2002 - 2003 Test Methods, TAPPI Press, 2002.
405. no author cited, “Standard T698: Determination of wetting tension of polyethylene and polypropylene films and coatings (modified visking analytical technique),” in TAPPI 2002 - 2003 Test Methods, TAPPI Press, 2002.
444. Collins, W.M., “Classical review of corona treatment,” in 1983 Coextrusion Conference Proceedings, 47+, TAPPI Press, 1983.
445. Cramm, R.H., and D.V. Bibee, “Theory and practice of corona treatment for improvement of adhesion,” in 1981 Paper Synthetics Conference Proceedings, 1-11, TAPPI Press, 1981 (also in TAPPI J., V. 65, p. 75-78, Aug 1982).
467. Gregory, B.H., D. Michiels, and W.D. McIntyre, “Adhesion improvement by ozone treatment,” in 1982 Paper Synthetics Conference Proceedings, 167-172, TAPPI Press, 1982.
477. Cocolios, P., F. Coeuret, A. Villermet, E. Prinz, and F. Forster, “A new high performance, stable surface treatment for plastic films, paper and metal foils,” in 1998 Polymers, Laminations, and Coatings Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Sep 1998.
495. Junnila, J., A. Savolainen, and D. Forsberg, “Adhesion improvements between paper and polyethylene by pretreatment of substrates,” in 1989 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Aug 1989.
524. Markgraf, D.A., “Ozone decomposition in corona treatment,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 227+, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.
525. Markgraf, D.A., “Treatment required for printing with water-based inks,” in 1987 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 333-336, TAPPI Press, Aug 1987.
527. Markgraf, D.A., “Sizing: the critical element for effective corona treating,” in 1989 Coextrusion Seminar Proceedings, 17+, TAPPI Press, 1989.
528. Markgraf, D.A., and R. Edwards, “Corona treating solves sealing problems: eliminating the elusive hydrocarbon,” in 1990 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 915-925, TAPPI Press, Aug 1990.
529. Marra, J.V., “Metallized OPP film, surface characteristics and physical properties,” in 1987 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 563-567, TAPPI Press, Aug 1987.
532. Maxwell, J.W., L. Salvati Jr., D.A. Markgraf, and M. Ferris, “The effect of time and contact on corona treated surfaces,” in 1986 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Aug 1986 (also in 1987 Extrusion Coating Short Course/Seminar, TAPPI Press, p. 153-158, 1987).
The effect of time and surface contact on corona treated material can be measured and evaluated. Both components cause degradation of dyne level readings of wettability. However, the most significant cause, though it can be isolated, cannot be completely eliminated. A solution to the problem is possible but requires cooperation between material producers and converters.
545. Pochan, M., et al, “XPS and contact angle investigation of corona treatment,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 109+, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.
549. Prinz, E., and F. Forster, “New trends in corona technology for high and stable adhesion,” in 1995 European Film, Extrusion Coating, and Coextrusion Symposium Proceedings, TAPPI Press, 1995.
557. Savolainen, A., J. Kuusipalo, and H. Karhuketo, “Optimization of corona and flame pretreatment in multilayer coating,” in 1991 Extrusion Coating Short Course (Dusselfdorf), 333-340, TAPPI Press, 1991.
560. Schuelke, G.W., “Corona treatment: troubleshooting your system,” in 1987 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 217-219, TAPPI Press, Aug 1987.
568. Shah, B.A., “The effect of interfacial chemical interactions in interlayer adhesion of packaging structures,” in 1989 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 789-792, TAPPI Press, Aug 1989.
571. Sherman, P.B., “Adhesion promotion on ultra-wide webs,” in 1989 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 169-194, TAPPI Press, Aug 1989.
572. Sherman, P.B., “Additive influence in corona treatment,” in 1991 Film Extrusion Short Course, 119-130, TAPPI Press, 1991.
574. Sherman, P.B., “The benefits of ozone in extrusion coating,” in 1996 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, 1996.
578. Soutar, A.M., and V. Antonov, “Foil adhesion with copolymer: time in the air gap,” in 1995 Current Advances in Film Extrusion and Coextrusion Symposium 1995, TAPPI Press, Aug 1995.
582. Thompson, K., “Flame surface treatment - new perspectives,” in 1987 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 213-216, TAPPI Press, Aug 1987.
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