ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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2092. Steen, M.L., L. Hymas, E.D. Havey, N.E. Capps, D.G. Castner, and E.R. Fisher, “Low temperature plasma treatment of asymmetric polysulfone membranes for permanent hydrophilic surface modification,” J. Membrane Science, 188, 97-114, (Jun 2001).
A plasma treatment that renders asymmetric polysulfone membranes permanently hydrophilic is reported. Our modification strategy entails treating these membranes downstream from an inductively coupled rf plasma source. Contact angle measurements confirm that the membranes are completely wettable with water as a result of H2O plasma treatment. More importantly, the hydrophilic modification is permanent as plasma-treated membranes remain wettable for more than 16 months after plasma treatment. This treatment achieves the desired change in wettability for microporous as well as ultrafiltration polysulfone membranes, illustrating the universality of this method. XPS analysis of treated membranes demonstrates this dramatic change in wettability is a result of chemical changes in the membrane induced by plasma treatment. Moreover, the membrane modification is complete as the plasma penetrates the thickness of the membrane, thereby modifying the entire membrane cross-section.
1739. Timerghazin, Q.K., S.L. Khursan, and V.V. Shereshovets, “Theoretical study of the reaction between ozone and the C-H bond: Gas-phase reactions of hydrocarbons with ozone,” J. Molecular Structure, 489, 87-93, (1999).
The gas-phase reactions of ozone with C
H bonds in methane, ethane, propane (secondary CH bond), and isobutane (tertiary CH bond) have been studied by semiempirical AM1 method. Reactions proceed through biradical transition state and lead to alkyl and hydrotrioxyl HOOO
radicals. The latter immediately decomposes into molecular oxygen and hydroxyl radical HO. The formation of hydrotrioxides ROOOH in gas-phase reactions between ozone and hydrocarbons is shown to be highly improbable.
2027. Ewane-Ebele, F., and H.P. Schreiber, “Measurement and use of surface tension data in film-forming polymers,” J. Oil and Colour Chemists Association, 60, 249-255, (Jul 1977).
Describes a method of measuring the critical surface tension of film forming polymers and the effect of temperature on the surface tension. The method gave reliable results for polyethylene, polystyrene, and polymethyl methacrylate. Changes in polymer properties due to aging can be monitored by the method, and the effect of glass transition temperatures and the effect of plasticizers in a styrene/acrylic copolymer were also studied.
2077. Kitova, S., M. Minchev, and G. Danev, “RF plasma treatment of polycarbonate substrates,” J. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 7, 2607-2612, (Oct 2005).
The effect of Ar, Ar/C2H5OH, O2 and Ar/O2 RF (13.56 MHz) plasma treatments on surface free energy and morphology, optical properties and adhesion of polycarbonate (PC) substrates has been studied. Changes in the surface properties were followed as a function of the plasma treatment time. The polar and dispersion components of the polymer free surface energy were determined on the basis of the theory of Owens, Wendt, Kaelble and Uy. It was found that all RF plasma treatments led to an increase in the polar component of PC, mainly due to an increased hydrogen bonding ability. The increase in surface free energy reached its maximum at short plasma treatment with 3:1 gas mixture of Ar/O2. This treatment also led to pronounced improvement of the adhesion of thin SiO2 films plasma deposited on modified PC substrates, while the treatments with pure oxygen or Ar/ethanol plasma had negative effect on the adhesion.
386. Wetterman, R.P., “Electrical surface treatment of polyolefin packaging materials for improved adhesion and printing,” J. Packaging Technology, 6, 22-25, (Nov 1990).
431. Burrell, H., “The challenge of the solubility parameter concept,” J. Paint Technology, 40, 197, (1968).
462. Gardon, J.L., “The influence of polarity upon the solubility parameter concept,” J. Paint Technology, 38, 43, (1966).
470. Hansen, C.M., “The three dimensional solubility parameter - key to paint component affinities, I. Solvents, plasticizers, polymers, and resins,” J. Paint Technology, 39, 104+, (1967).
The concept that the solubility parameter is a vector composed of hydrogen bonding, polar, and dispersion components is proposed and applied with success to prediction of the solubility of 33 polymers and resins in 90 solvents and 10 plasticizers. Solvents and plasticizers can be located as points in a three dimensional system, and regions of solubility are found for polymers and resins when solubility data are plotted. Non-interacting solvents which in a mixture become interacting have been found with better than 95% accuracy in over 400 cases.
472. Hansen, C.M., “The three dimensional solubility parameter - key to paint component affinities, III. Independent calculation of the parameter components,” J. Paint Technology, 39, 511+, (1967).
473. Hansen, C.M., “Characterization of surfaces by spreading liquids,” J. Paint Technology, 42, 660+, (1970).
474. Hansen, C.M., “Surface dewetting and coatings performance,” J. Paint Technology, 44, 57+, (1972).
483. Hoy, K.L., “New values of the solubility parameters from vapor pressure data,” J. Paint Technology, 42, 76+, (1970).
The solubility parameters of a broad spectrum of solvents and chemicals are calculated from vapor pressure data using an expression derived from the relationship of Haggenmacher. In the case of high boiling liquids, the available vapor pressure data are found to be unreliable when extrapolated to room temperature and an alternate method of calculation is proposed. A structure correlation is made using the method of Small and new values of the molar cohesion constants are developed. The problem of associations of certain molecular species is discussed and the concept of chameleonic character introduced as a qualitative explanation.
513. Lee, L.-H., “Relationships between solubility and surface tension of liquids,” J. Paint Technology, 42, 365+, (1970).
471. Hansen, C.M., “The three dimensional solubility parameter - key to paint component affinities, II. Dyes, emulsifiers, mutual solubility and compatability, and pigments,” J. Paint Technololgy, 39, 505-510, (1967).
The concept that the solubility parameter is a vector composed of hydrogen bonding, polar, and dispersion components is proposed and applied with success to prediction of the solubility of 33 poylmers and resins in 90 solvents and 10 plasticizers. The application of the solubility parameter concept is described. The three dimensional solubility parameter system based on the homomorph concept has been developed on the basis of polymer solubility. The same system has been applied to the characterization of dyes, nonionic emulsifiers, and pigments. The system is also useful for selecting solvents when protective coatings are formulated with more than one polymeric solute.
519. Liao, W.-C., and J.L. Zatz, “Surfactant solutions as test liquids for measurements of critical surface tension,” J. Pharmaceutical Science, 68, 486-488, (1979).
Contact angles of various liquids and surfactant solutions on polytef and paraffin were measured. Critical surface tension values were obtained by extrapolation of plots of cosine of the contact angles versus corresponding surface tension values. Contact angles measured using polyoxyethylene octylphenols produced linear Zisman plots and yielded critical surface tensions that agreed with accepted values. This liquid series provides a reasonable approach to the measurement of critical surface tension for solid drugs that are soluble in organic liquids but relatively insoluble in water.
1412. Okazaki, S., and M. Kogoma, “Development of atmospheric pressure flow discharge plasma and its application on a surface with curvature,” J. Photopolymer Science and Technology, 6, 339-342, (1993).
11. Babu, S.R., “Determination of surface tension of liquids,” J. Physical Chemistry, 90, 4337-4340, (Aug 1986).
An absolute method for the determinalion of surface tension of liquids using the pendent drop profiles at conical tips, which has several distinct advantages, has been proposed. For systems with zero contact angle, the dimensionless governing equations for drop profiles at different conical tips have been computer-solved. and the theoretical plots of XT and ZT vs. their ratio, where XT and ZT are the dimensionless x and z coordinates of the drop profile at a plane at the conical tip perpendicular to the axis of symmetry, are statistically anaJyied to generate suitable tables for using the proposed method.
51. Cazabar, A.M., and M.A. Cohen Stuart, “Dynamics of wetting: effects of surface roughness,” J. Physical Chemistry, 90, 5845-5849, (Oct 1986).
60. Chen, Y.L., C.A. Helm, and J.N. Israelachvili, “Molecular mechanisms associated with adhesion and contact angle hysteresis of monolayer surfaces,” J. Physical Chemistry, 95, 10736-10747, (Dec 1991).
Experiments were carried out on a variety of surfactant-coated mica surfaces using the surface forces apparatus technique and contact angle measurements. The experiments were designed to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying adhesion hysteresis (during loading-unloading cycles) and contact angle hysteresis (of advancing/receding liquids), and to explore any possible relationship between these two energy-dissipating phenomena. We found that hysteresis effects are not simply due to surface imperfections, such as roughness or chemical heterogeneity. Even surfaces that are initially smooth and chemically homogeneous can exhibit large adhesion and contact angle hysteresis effects. Our results indicate that, for such surfaces, hysteresis arises because of molecular rearrangements occurring at solid-solid or solid-liquid interfaces after they have come into contact. This results in a lower surface free energy during the approach of two surfaces (or during spreading) than during separation (or retraction). We have studied a number of factors that enhance hysteresis: (i) increasing the freedom of the surface molecules to reorder, (ii) increasing the load and time surfaces are allowed to remain in contact, and (iii) increasing the rate of separation (or retraction). These findings highlight the inherent nonequilibrium nature of most loading-unloading and wetting-dewetting cycles and suggest ways for reducing the energy-dissipating hysteresis associated with such processes. Our results further indicate that the adhesion or pull-off force F between two curved surfaces of radius R is related to the surface energy-gamma by the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theory, for example, F = 3-pi-R-gamma for a sphere on a flat surface, but only when the separation occurs under equilibrium conditions. Preliminary results also indicate a correlation between adhesion hysteresis and friction/stiction.
105. Fowkes, F.M., “Determination of interfacial tensions, contact angles, and dispersion forces by assuming additivity of intermolecular interactions at surfaces (letter),” J. Physical Chemistry, 66, 382, (1962).
106. Fowkes, F.M., “Additivity of intermolecular forces at interfaces, I. Determination of the contribution to surface and interfacial tensions of dispersion forces in various liquids,” J. Physical Chemistry, 67, 2538-2541, (1963).
108. Fowkes, F.M., “Comments on 'The calculation of cohesive and adhesive energies', by J.F. Padday and N.D. Uffindell (letter),” J. Physical Chemistry, 72, 1407, (1968).
Sir: Padday and Uffindell produced a well organized and readable article, but unfortunately their mathematics is incorrect (by nearly one order of magnitude) because intermolecular potentials were integrated over molecular distances, breaking a fundamental principle of integral calculus.
120. Gardon, J.L., “Relationship between cohesive energy densities of polymers and Zisman's critical surface tensions (notes),” J. Physical Chemistry, 67, 1935-1936, (1963).
134. Girifalco, L.A., and R.J. Good, “A theory for the estimation of surface and interfacial energies, I. Derivation and application to interfacial tension,” J. Physical Chemistry, 61, 904-909, (1957).
139. Good, R.J., and L.A. Girifalco, “A theory for the estimation of surface and interfacial energies, III. Estimation of surface energies of solids from contact angle data,” J. Physical Chemistry, 64, 561-565, (1960).
280. Padday, J.F., and N.D. Uffindell, “The calculation of cohesive and adhesive energies from intermolecular forces at a surface,” J. Physical Chemistry, 72, 1407-1413, (1968).
Surface tensions of the n-alkanes and interfacial tensions between the n-alkanes and water have been calculated. The ca1culations use a modified form of the Moelwyn-Hughes' equation for the dispersion interaction between two particles, the integtation method of Hamaker to derive the total interaction across a plane surface, the geometric mean relationship of Good and Girifalco for the interaction of two dissimilar phases, and an assumption that the entropy of surface formation equals the difference between the interaction energy so calculated and the total intern&l energy of surface formation. The calculated surface tensions of the n-alkanes are compared with and agree well with experimentally determined values; also, some of their calculated interfacial-tension, contact-angle, and spreading-coefficient measurements with water all agree with the corresponding experimental values. For other systems, calculations are limited lo the contribution of the dispersion forces to the total interaction of the system.
281. Padday, J.F., and N.D. Uffindell, “Reply to comments of F.M. Fowkes on 'The calculation of cohesive and adhesive energies',” J. Physical Chemistry, 72, 3700-3701, (1968).
Surface tensions of the n-alkanes and interfacial tensions between the n-alkanes and water have been calculated. The ca1culations use a modified form of the Moelwyn-Hughes' equation for the dispersion interaction between two particles, the integtation method of Hamaker to derive the total interaction across a plane surface, the geometric mean relationship of Good and Girifalco for the interaction of two dissimilar phases, and an assumption that the entropy of surface formation equals the difference between the interaction energy so calculated and the total intern&l energy of surface formation. The calculated surface tensions of the n-alkanes are compared with and agree well with experimentally determined values; also, some of their calculated interfacial-tension, contact-angle, and spreading-coefficient measurements with water all agree with the corresponding experimental values. For other systems, calculations are limited lo the contribution of the dispersion forces to the total interaction of the system.
329. Shafrin, E.G., and W.A. Zisman, “Constitutive relations in the wetting of low energy surfaces and the theory of the retraction method of preparing monolayers,” J. Physical Chemistry, 64, 519-524, (1960).
384. Wenzel, R.N., “Surface roughness and contact angle (letter),” J. Physical Chemistry, 53, 1466-1467, (1949).
390. Wu, S., “Estimation of the critical surface tension for polymers from molecular constitution by a modified Hildebrand-Scott equation (notes),” J. Physical Chemistry, 72, 3332-3334, (1968).
The paper proposes a modified Hildebrand-Scott equation to estimate the critical surface tension of polymers based on their molecular constitution.
391. Wu, S., “Surface and interfacial tensions of polymer melts, II. Poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(n-butyl methacrylate), and polystyrene,” J. Physical Chemistry, 74, 632-638, (1970).
552. Rosseinsky, R., “Surface tension and internal pressure: A simple model,” J. Physical Chemistry, 81, 1578, (1977).
A sphere in continuum model, with an internal surface, is used to relate surface tension and internal pressure. The results support the previous use of this model for polar interactions. The agreement of theory and experiment is close to that obtained with a recent lattice model.
1647. Good, R.J., “Surface entropy and surface orientation of polar liquids,” J. Physical Chemistry, 61, 810-812, (1957).
1649. Good, R.J., L.A. Girifalco, and G. Kraus, “A theory for the estimation of surface and interfacial energies, II: Application to surface thermodynamics of teflon and graphite,” J. Physical Chemistry, 62, 1418-1422, (1958).
1780. Bernett, M.K., and W.A. Zisman, “Wetting properties of polyhexafluoropropylene,” J. Physical Chemistry, 65, 2266-2267, (1961).
1788. Ellison, A.H., and W.A. Zisman, “Wettability studies of nylon, polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene,” J. Physical Chemistry, 58, 503-506, (1954).
1790. Ellison, A.H., and W.A. Zisman, “Wettability of halogenated organic solid surfaces,” J. Physical Chemistry, 58, 260-265, (1954).
1792. Dettre, R.H., and R.E. Johnson, Jr., “Concerning the surface tension, critical surface tension, and temperature coefficient of surface tension of poly(tetrafluoroethylene),” J. Physical Chemistry, 71, 1529-1531, (Apr 1967).
1821. Ray, B.R., J.R. Anderson, and J.J. Scholz, “Wetting of polymer surfaces I: Contact angles of liquids on starch, amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol,” J. Physical Chemistry, 62, 1220-1227, (1958).
1835. Schonhorn, H., “Dependence of contact angles on temperature: Polar liquids vs. polypropylene,” J. Physical Chemistry, 70, 4086-4087, (Dec 1966).
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