ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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892. Stobbe, B.D., “Beginning flexographer: this is corona treating,” Flexo, 24, 60-65, (Feb 1999).
909. no author cited, “Flexo finds the answer: dyne levels on polypropylene, and transfer of a water-based flexographic ink,” Flexo, 25, 70, (Oct 2000).
918. Reese, D.E., “The challenge of printing plastic package films,” Flexo, 18, 14-27, (Mar 1993).
927. Salmaggi, H.L, “Flexo finds the answer: How does the treater roll get affected by dirt, dust, or ink, and how should it be cleaned?,” Flexo, 21, 96, (Feb 1996).
929. Markgraf, D.A., “Statistical quality control (SQC) applied to corona treating,” Flexo, 13, (May 1988).
946. Cox, E.O., “Should water or UV be in your clean air future?,” Flexo, 19, 12-16, (Sep 1994).
1057. Gilbertson, T.J., “Corona treating on a solvent line?,” Flexo, 29, 30-31, (Mar 2004).
1157. Wolf, R.A., “Surface treating substrates: Atmospheric plasma technology benefits flexible packaging print adhesion,” Flexo, 30, 26-27, (Oct 2005).
1175. Derr, L., and F. Gum, “Printing on film: A pressroom guide to OPP for packaging,” Flexo, 30, 53-56, (Sep 2005).
1771. Wolf, R.A., “How to determine optimal treatment levels for plastic films,” Flexo, 34, 34-36, (Jan 2009).
2223. Signet, J., “Troubleshooting guide: Poor ink adhesion,” Flexo, 35, 58, (Jun 2010).
2232. Impastato, M., “Inks, substrates & interdependency: Subtle characteristics can breed dangerous situations,” Flexo, 36, 16-23, (Mar 2011).
2439. Wolf, R.A., “Testing surface treatment IQ,” Flexo, 37, 40-47, (May 2012).
2458. no author cited, “Surface energy & poor adhesion: Corona treatment optimizes film's performance on press,” Flexo, 38, 46-47, (Mar 2013).
2619. Gilbertson, T.J., “Finicky films: The signature relationship to corona treaters,” Flexo, 40, 48-51, (Sep 2015).
2629. Coombes, N., “Corona control: Learning to understand the treatment basics,” Flexo, 41, 26-27, (Feb 2016).
2650. Altay, B.N., “Smart ink for flexo,” Flexo, 41, 70-75, (Jun 2016).
2667. Weiss, D.A., “Effective ink transfer,” Flexo, 41, 68-72, (Oct 2016).
2137. no author cited, “Reliable solutions - corona treatment from simple to sophisticated,” Flexo & Gravure International, 86-87, (Feb 2006).
1281. Schleising, E., “Corona discharge treatment,” FlexoTech, 13, 26, (1997).
80. Dick, F., “How surface tension affects flexographic printing,” in FTA Annual Forum, 1978, Flexographic Technical Association, 1978.
1164. Wolf, R.A., “Atmospheric plasma: a new surface treatment technology for promoting flexographic printing adhesions',” in 2005 FFTA Forum, Flexographic Technical Association, Mar 2005.
1576. Greger, R., “Pre-treatment of plastics with low-pressure plasma prior to flocking,” Flock, 7, 107, (2002).
1491. Derjaguin, B.V., and S.M. Levi, Film Coating Theory, Focal Press, 1943.
3083. Tyuftin, A.A., and J.P. Kerry, “Review of surface treatment methods for polyamide films for potential application as smart packaging materials: surface structure, antimicrobial and spectral properties,” Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 24, 100475, (Jun 2020).
Antimicrobial packaging is currently one of the emerging technologies being pursued to extend the shelf-life of food products. Polyamides (PA) are widely used in food packaging, principally in laminate constructions, where they are used alone or combined with other materials. PA can be surface-treated using UV, plasma and corona treatments to create active film surfaces for various industrial applications. Scope and Approach the object of this article was to review different surface treatment methods for the potential manufacture of smart packaging materials including antimicrobial application in particular and to review the necessary spectral characteristics deemed necessary to achieve this. Key Findings and Conclusions XPS and AFM methods are useful tools in the identification of film surface analysis. For UV treatment, different light sources, including lasers, can be applied to create antimicrobially-active packaging materials. UV-treated PA films possess antimicrobial properties and offer potential for industrial and medical packaging applications, however, the application of such packaging materials to foods needs some special consideration. Different plasma treatment methodologies can be used for modification of PA surfaces, followed by attachment of antimicrobial coatings which are very limited in literature. Surface studies have shown that plasma-treated PA surfaces possess spectral properties similar to those for UV-treated samples. Corona treatment, like UV and plasma treatments, induce the modification of functional groups on PA film surfaces. Corona treatment has the capacity to activate polymeric surfaces for adhesion of a variety of functional coatings and should be explored further in terms of creating special antimicrobial coatings.
1729. Miller, J.D., “Surface chemistry measurements for evaluating coatings formulations,” Franklin International, 2007.
1409. Meiners, S., J. Salge, E. Prinz, and F. Forster, “Surface modification of polymer materials by transient gas discharges at atmospheric pressure,” in 5th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Sep 1996 (also in Suraface and Coatings Technology, Jan 1998, Vol. 98, p. 1121-1127).
The treatment of surfaces by corona discharges is a well-established method to improve surface properties. The surface to be treated is moved continuously and is exposed to transient gas discharges, known as microdischarges, in air at atmospheric pressure between electrodes, where at least one electrode is covered with a dielectric barrier. Because of the short duration, only some 10 ns, the current through the microdischarges is predominantly carried by electrons. The ion temperature remains close to room temperature. Owing to these properties such discharges are qualified to treat surfaces which are sensitive to higher temperatures. For a large number of applications this treatment is adequate, but the adhesion of aqueous glues and inks to some plastic materials is insufficient if the surfaces are treated in this way. Furthermore, it is difficult to meet the requirements of surface properties of, for instance, polyolefine film (e.g. surface tension, adhesion). This material is not based on monomers containing chlorine or fluorine and is preferred for ecological reasons. This paper presents the results of experiments which demonstrate that in comparison to a common corona treatment significant improvements in surface properties of plastic materials can be achieved if repetitively generated pulse trains and reactive gases are used instead of air. If, for instance, the microdischarges are established in acetylene, thin films with a thickness of several namometres are formed on surfaces, which increase and stabilize the surface tension up to a level of 72 mN m−1. The state of the art of this new technology is discussed.
3104. Eisby, A.W., “Method of surface treatment of plastic films for increasing the adhesion of printing inks to the film surface, as well as electrical systems for carrying out the method,” German Patent DK107312C, 1963.
1717. Grosse, W., “Process and device for Opto-Dynamic Surface Tension (or surface energy) measurement - ODSTM-1 - for running plastic films or other substrates,” Germany Patent Application DE 195.42.289 A 1, 2000.
2010. Lee, L.-H., “Molecular bonding and adhesion at polymer-metal interfaces,” in Adhesion International 1993, L.H. Sharpe, ed., 305-328, Gordon & Breach, 1993.
2012. Baalmann, A., K.D. Vissing, E. Born, and A. Gross, “Surface treatment of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites by plasma activation,” in Adhesion International 1993, Sharpe, L.H., ed., 347-356, Gordon & Breach, 1993 (also in J. Adhesion, Vol. 46, p. 57-66, Sep 1994).
First published in 1996. ADHESION INTERNATIONAL 1993 is a volume of the Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of The Adhesion Society, Inc. Williamsburg, Virginia, USA February 21-26,1993. This meeting featured an International Symposium on The Interphase.
2013. Sutherland, I., R.P. Popat, D.M. Brewis, and R. Calder, “Corona discharge treatment of polyolefins,” in Adhesion International 1993, Sharpe, L.H., ed., 369-380, Gordon and Breach, 1993 (also in J. Adhesion, V. 46, p. 79-88, Sep 1994).
The effects of corona discharge treatment on polyethylene and polypropylene homopolymers have been studied. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine surface compositions which were related to surface free energy estimates from contact angle measurements. Changes in composition and surface free energy were measured as a function of treatment level. The work of adhesion was seen to increase with oxygen incorporation. The increase was not linear and this is attributed to an increase in the degree of sub-surface to near-surface oxidation at intense treatment levels. Aging of samples followed by XPS and contact angle measurement showed that surface wettability is reduced whereas a slight increase in surface oxygen was found. This phenomenon was attributed to the reorientation/migration of functional groups. Morphological examination by scanning electron microscopy indicated no surface roughening at any power level.
975. Matousek, P., G. Kreuger, and O.-D. Hennemann, “Adhesion tests with corona-pretreated plastics,” Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, 49, 630-631, (1996).
52. Chan, C.-M., Polymer Surface Modification and Characterization, Hanser Gardner, Jan 1994.
389. Wool, R.P., Polymer Interfaces: Structure and Strength, Hanser Gardner, Sep 1994.
821. Pocius, A.V., Adhesion and Adhesives Technology: An Introduction, 2nd Ed., Hanser Gardner, Apr 2002.
2213. Wolf, R.A., Plastic Surface Modification: Surface Treatment and Adhesion, Hanser Publications, Feb 2010.
1192. Akishev, Y.S., M.E. Grushin, A.E. Monich, A.P. Napartovich, and N.I. Trushkin, “One-atmosphere argon dielectric-barrier corona discharge as an effective source of cold plasma for the treatment of polymer films and fabrics,” High Energy Chemistry, 37, 286-291, (Sep 2003).
The properties of an ac dielectric-barrier corona discharge in argon under atmospheric pressure were studied and the results of testing of this type of gas discharge in the low-temperature treatment of polymer films and fabrics for the purpose of enhancement of their wettability were reported.
1357. Alemskaya, O., V. Lelevkin, A. Tokarev, and V. Yudanov, “Synthesis of ozone in a surface barrier discharge with a plasma electrode,” High Energy Chemistry, 39, 263-267, (Jul 2005).
The synthesis of ozone from oxygen in a cylindrical ozonizer operating under surface discharge conditions with a plasma electrode was studied. The conditions of ozone synthesis were optimized. The dependence of ozone concentration and specific energy consumption on gas pressure in the plasma electrode and on distance between the coils of a corona electrode was determined. The results were compared with data obtained with the use of classical surface barrier discharge.
1735. Abdrashitov, E.F., and A.N. Ponomarev, “Plasma modification of elastomers,” High Energy Chemistry, 37, 279-285, (2003).
The treatment of elastomer articles in a low-temperature glow-discharge plasma in fluorinated organics is an effective method for the enhancement of their wear resistance without changing the formulation of rubbers. As a result of plasma-assisted deposition on an elastomer of a fluorinated antifriction film chemically bound to the substrate, the elastomer friction coefficient is considerably decreased, sticking to a counterface is prevented, and the wear resistance of the elastomer is enhanced, retaining their bulk properties. Based on the study of the structure of the antifriction film at different modification stages and its transformation during friction, a conclusion on the mechanism of elastomer surface failure under dynamic friction conditions was made.
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