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2392. Roth, J.R., P.P. Tsai, L.C. Wadsworth, C. Liu, and P.D. Spence, “Method and apparatus for glow discharge plasma treatment of polymer materials at atmospheric pressure,” U.S. Patent 5403453, Apr 1995.

Polymer materials such as film and fabrics, woven, non-woven and meltblown, may be non-destructively surface treated to improve water wettability, wickability, and other characteristics by exposure to a glow discharge plasma sustained at substantially atmospheric pressure in air or modified gas atmospheres comprising helium or argon.

226. Lundqvist, A., L. Odberg, and J.C. Berg, “Surface characterization of non-chlorine bleached pulp fibers and calcium carbonate coatings using inverse gas chromatography,” TAPPI J., 78, 139-142, (May 1995).

The technique of inverse gas chromatography (IGC) is used to investigate and compare the surface chemical properties of chlorine dioxide-bleached pulps with peroxide- and ozone-bleached pulps and to study the influence of a latex binder (with dispersant) on the properties of calcium carbonate coating particles. IGC measurements with a series of alkane probes yield the dispersive component of the surface energy of the test solid and show only small differences between the various bleached pulps. The use of acid and base probes shows all pulps tested to be predominantly acidic. The presence of latex binder together with a poly (acrylic acid)/carboxymethyl cellulose dispersant decreases the dispersive component, but increases both the acidic and basic components, of the surface free energy of calcium carbonate.

2393. Roth, J.R., P.P. Tsai, C. Liu, M. Laroussi, and P.D. Spence, “One atmosphere, uniform glow discharge plasma,” U.S. Patent 5414324, May 1995.

A steady-state, glow discharge plasma is generated at one atmosphere of pressure within the volume between a pair of insulated metal plate electrodes spaced up to 5 cm apart and R.F. energized with an rms potential of 1 to 5 KV at 1 to 100 KHz. Space between the electrodes is occupied by air, nitrous oxide, a noble gas such as helium, neon, argon, etc. or mixtures thereof. The electrodes are charged by an impedance matching network adjusted to produce the most stable, uniform glow discharge.

340. Sherman, P.B., “Living comfortably with water-based inks,” Flexo, 20, 36-39, (Jun 1995).

1353. Kusano, Y., M. Yoshikawa, I. Tanuma, Y. Fukuura, K. Naito, et al, “Surface treatment of fluoropolymer members and preparation of composite products therefrom,” U.S. Patent 5425832, Jun 1995.

Tightly integrated composite products are obtained by treating a fluoropolymer member on its surface with atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma in a helium gas atmosphere containing 97% by volume or more of helium gas, and joining another member of rubber compositions, resins, metals, ceramics, or semiconductors to the surface treated fluoropolymer member. By using a fluoropolymer sheet as the fluoropolymer member and a metal or synthetic resin layer as the other member, there are obtained weather-resistant composite sheets in which the layer is firmly bonded to the fluoropolymer sheet.

1564. no author cited, “Converter combines profit with environmental concern,” Paper Film & Foil Converter, 69, 68-70, (Jun 1995).

2034. Fourches, G., “An overview of the basic aspects of polymer adhesion, I: Fundamentals,” Polymer Engineering and Science, 35, 957-967, (Jun 1995).

Adhesion between two substrates is a complex phenomenon which at present is still not well understood. The important existing adhesion models (electrical, diffusion, thermodynamic adsorption, chemical, etc.) are reviewed in order to try to explain their mechanisms. Thermodynamic adsorption is now believed to be one of the most importnat mechanisms by which adhesion is achieved. Difusion and wetting are kinetic means in attaining good adsorption of a polymer at the interface. In the case of this model (thermodynamic adsorption), the notion of surface energy is developed and the importance of this property in the understanding of adhesion phenomena is emphasized. The methods of determining the surface characteristics of low and high energy solids are presented. The role played by acid-base interactions in adhesion is also mentioned.

65. Conners, T.A., and S. Banerjee, eds., Surface Analysis of Paper, CRC Press, Jul 1995.

257. Newberry, D., “Glass and ceramic surface dynamics,” ScreenPrinting, 85, 32-36, (Jul 1995).

379. Waterhouse, J.F., “Mechanical and physical properties of paper surfaces,” in Surface Analysis of Paper, Conners, T.E., and S. Banerjee, eds., 72-89, CRC Press, Jul 1995.

Paper, although ubiquitous, is a complex material. We can classify paper as a basic network of self bonding cellulosic fibers; the chemical and physical characteristics of its surface are controlled by the raw materials, papermaking and converting processes used to produce it. Paper sometimes contains non-cellulosic fibers such as non-wood and synthetic fibers, chemical additives, fillers, and bonding agents. Other chemical additives used in the papermaking process, e.g., formation, drainage, and retention aids or coating materials may also change the physical and chemical characteristics of the paper's surface. With the greater use of recycled fibers we may expect additional changes in surface chemistry and structure.

409. no author cited, “On the surface,” Package Printing, 42, 34-35, (Jul 1995).

1806. Kwok, D.Y., C.J. Budziak, and A.W. Neumann, “Measurement of static and low rate dynamic contact angles by means of an automated capillary rise technique,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 173, 143-150, (Jul 1995).

Six solid surfaces were compared with respect to their surface quality, by measuring advancing contact angles along the solid surfaces (in the vertical and horizontal directions) at constant immersion rate. It was found that surfaces of mica, dip coated in FC-721, Teflon (FEP) heat pressed against mica, and siliconized glass yield essentially constant advancing contact angles at different locations of the solid surfaces and, thus, are well suited to dynamic contact angle measurements. Static and low rate dynamic contact angles of a number of pure liquids were therefore measured on these solid surfaces. Low rate dynamic contact angles were found to be identical with the static contact angles and independent of the velocity of the three-phase contact line (up to 0.5 mm/min).

2508. Chan, C.-M., T.-M. Ko, and H. Hiroka, “Polymer surface modification by plasmas and photons,” Surface Science Reports, 24, 1-54, (May 1995).

Polymers have been applied successfully in fields such as adhesion, biomaterials, protective coatings, friction and wear, composites, microelectronic devices, and thin-film technology. In general, special surface properties with regard to chemical composition, hydrophilicity, roughness, crystallinity, conductivity, lubricity, and cross-linking density are required for the success of these applications. Polymers very often do not possess the surface properties needed for these applications. However, they have excellent bulk physical and chemical properties, are inexpensive, and are easy to process. For these reasons, surface modification techniques which can transform these inexpensive materials into highly valuable finished products have become an important part of the plastics and many other industries. In recent years, many advances have been made in developing surface treatments to alter the chemical and physical properties of polymer surfaces without affecting bulk properties. Common surface modification techniques include treatments by flame, corona, plasmas, photons, electron beams, ion beams, X-rays, and γ-rays.

Plasma treatment is probably the most versatile surface treatment technique. Different types of gases such as argon, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, carbon dioxide, and water can produce the unique surface properties required by various applications. For example, oxygen-plasma treatment can increase the surface energy of polymers, whereas fluorine-plasma treatment can decrease the surface energy and improve the chemical inertness. Cross-linking at a polymer surface can be introduced by an inert-gas plasma. Modification by plasma treatment is usually confined to the top several hundred ångströms and does not affect the bulk properties. The main disadvantage of this technique is that it requires a vacuum system, which increases the cost of operation.

Thin polymer films with unique chemical and physical properties are produced by plasma polymerization. This technology is still in its infancy, and the plasma chemical process is not fully understood. The films are prepared by vapor phase deposition and can be formed on practically any substrate with good adhesion between the film and the substrate. These films, which are usually highly cross-linked and pinhole-free, have very good barrier properties. Such films find great potential in biomaterial applications and in the microelectronics industry.

Very high-power microwave-driven mercury lamps are available, and they are used in UV-hardening of photoresist patterns for image stabilization at high temperatures. Other applications of UV irradiation include surface photo-oxidation, increase of hydrophilicity, and photocuring of paintings.

Pulsed UV-lasers are used in surface modification in many areas. Pulsed UV-laser irradiation can produce submicron periodic linear and dot patterns on polymer surfaces without photomask. These interference patterns can be used to increase surface roughness of inert polymers for improved adhesion. These images can also be transferred to silicon surfaces by reactive ion etching. Pulsed laser beams can be applied to inert polymer surfaces for increased hydrophilicity and wettability. Polymer surfaces treated by pulsed UV-laser irradiation can be positively or negatively charged to enhance chemical reactivity and processability. Pulsed UV-laser exposures with high fluence give rise to photoablation with a clean wall profile. There are many other practical applications of laser photoablation, including via-hole fabrication, and diamond-film deposition. The present review discusses all these current applications, especially in the biomedical and microelectronics areas.

83. DiGiacomo, J.D., “Flame plasma treatment - a viable alternative to corona treatment,” in 1995 Polymers, Laminations, & Coatings Conference Proceedings, 173-183, TAPPI Press, Aug 1995.

232. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treating electrodes: effect on treatment level and efficiency,” in 1995 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 159-166, TAPPI Press, Aug 1995.

578. Soutar, A.M., and V. Antonov, “Foil adhesion with copolymer: time in the air gap,” in 1995 Current Advances in Film Extrusion and Coextrusion Symposium 1995, TAPPI Press, Aug 1995.

501. Kaplan, S.L., “Plastics and plasma surface treatment,” in Decorating and Joining of Plastics RETEC, Society of Plastics Engineers, Sep 1995.

1219. Jacobasch, H.-J., K. Grundke, S. Schneider, and F. Simon, “The influence of additives on the adhesion behaviour of thermoplastic materials used in the automotive industry,” Progress in Organic Coatings, 26, 131-143, (Sep 1995).

The influence of release agents, impurities and light stabilizers on the mechanisms of pretreatment operations, such as flame or plasma treatment, of thermoplastic materials used in the automotive industry has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), zeta potential and contact angle measurements. It is shown that the presence of release agents on thermoplastic polyurethane can be detected by contact angle and zeta potential measurements. Sterically hindered amines (HALS) used as light stabilizers in polypropylene-ethylene-propylene-dienemonomer rubber blends (PP-EPDM) enhance the result of flame treatment whereas the effect of oxygen plasma treatment is not changed by the presence of HALS products.

1352. Murokh, I.Y., and A.A. Kerner, “Surface charging to improve wettability,” U.S. Patent 5798146, Sep 1995.

Method of improving wetting and adhesive properties of dielectric materials by injecting electrical charges into the substrate under conditions such that the primary effect on the surface is that of charging so that improved wettability of the surface will be achieved. Flowable materials are then applied to the surface and cured in situ to permanently adhere the flowable materials to the surface.

2527. Sarmadi, A.M., T,.H. Ying, and F. Denes, “HMDSO-plasma modification of polypropylene fibers,” European Polymer J., 31, 847-857, (Sep 1995).

A hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO)-RF plasma was used to treat polypropylene (PP) fabrics to achieve an inorganic type surface. The properties of the plasma modified PP were investigated through demand wettability and contact angle techniques. ESCA and ATR-IR spectroscopy indicated the presence of Si  O  Si and Si  O  C based structures. The influence of treatment time on the level of deposition and surface atomic composition was established. Plasma induced molecular fragmentation of HMDSO was determined through GC-MS and high resolution MS analyses of the molecular structures produced from recombination of active species, in the cold trap.

702. Marmur, A., “Theory and measurement of contact angles,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

703. Voelkel, A., E. Andrzejewska, R. Maga, and M. Andrzejewski, “Dispersive and acid-base properties of poly(dimethacrylate)s surfaces,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

704. Mangipudi, V.S., M. Tirrell, and A.V. Pocius, “The use of the surface forces apparatus in the study of adhesion: polymer solid surface energies and the effect of surface treatment,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

705. Willard, N.P., A.R. Balkenende, H.J.A.P. van de Boogaard, and M. Scholten, “Assessment of the surface free energy of low-energy solids by means of contact angle measurements,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

706. Doren, A., Y. Adriaensen, and P.G. Rouxhet, “Dynamic study of wetting: changes in surface properties of polymers in response to various pH's,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

707. Wu., D.Y., W.S. Gutowski, and S. Li, “Surface engineering of polymers for enhanced adhesion,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

708. Sadras, B., P. Laurens, and F. Decobert, “Excimer laser treatment of thermoplastics for adhesive bonding,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

709. Leonard, D., P. Bertrand, A. Scheuer, R. Prat, and J.P. Deville, “TOF-SIMS and in situ study of O2-N2 afterglow discharge plasma-modified PMMA, PE and hexatriacontane surfaces,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

710. O'Kell, S., S.D. Pringle, and C. Jones, “Plasma interactions with a polyethylene surface studied by AFM and XPS,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

711. Li, S., D.Y. Wu, W.S. Gutowski, and H.J. Griesser, “Surface dynamics and adhesive bonding of plasma-treated polyolefins and fluoropolymers,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

712. Friedrich, J.F., W. Unger, A. Lippitz, L. Wigant, et al, “Differences in surface oxidation of PP by corona, spark, and low-pressure oxygen discharge treatments and the relevance to adhesion,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

713. Shahidzadeh-Ahmadi, N., F. Arefi-Khonsari, M.M. Chehimi, and J. Amouroux, “Modification of the physicochemical properties of oxygen plasma treated polypropylene,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

714. Breuer, J., H. Schafer, V. Schlett, S. Metev, G. Sepold, and O.-D. Hennemann, “Adherence enhancement of polymers with low surface energy by excimer laser radiation,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

715. LeGierse, P.E.J., “Adhesion improvement of ink to polymers by laser activation,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

716. Kuusipalo, J.T., and A.V. Savolainen, “Adhesion phenomena in (co)extrusion coating of paper and paperboard,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

750. Micale, F.J., S. Sa-Nguandekul, J. Lavelle, and D. Henderson, “Dynamic wetting of water-based inks in flexographic and gravure printing,” in Surface Phenomena and Latexes in Waterborne Coatings and Printing Techonology, M.K. Sharma, ed., 123-138, Plenum Press, Oct 1995.

The theory of wetting is reviewed with respect to ink transfer which is based upon measured dynamic surface tension and calculated dynamic spreading coefficient. Laboratory gravure ink transfer results are presented for model water based inks with and without isopropanol as the cosolvent on untreated and corona treated polyethylene film. A mechanism of surface tension driven convection is proposed which is consistent with experimental results. The conclusion, which is based upon the proposed mechanism, is that uniform coverage of a water based ink on a nonpermeable substrate is facilitated by the presence of a high vapor pressure low surface tension cosolvent such as isopropanol. When no cosolvent is present, de-wetting and degree of ink mottling appears to be controlled by dynamics longer than one second.

1947. Collaud Coen, M., S. Nowak, L. Schlapbach, M. Pisinger, and F. Stucki, “Plasma treatment of polyacetal-copolymer, polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate, and nylon 6,6 surfaces to improve the adhesion of ink,” J. Adhesion, 53, 201-216, (Oct 1995).

Polyacetal-copolymer (POMB), polycarbonate (PC), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and nylon 6, 6 (PA6, 6) have been treated in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma chamber to improve their adhesion properties towards ink. The chemical composition, the surface free energy, and the macroscopic adhesion have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurements, cross-cut tests, and the Scotch Tape test. Their dependence on the neutral gas, the treatment time, the pressure, and the ageing in air have been investigated. The XPS results reveal that the plasma treatment allows one to clean the surface and, if reactive gases are used, to incorporate new chemical species. The static and dynamic contact angles decrease with the plasma treatment and continue to decrease after contact with air. Very slow hydrophobic recovery is visible in the advancing contact angle, whereas the receding contact angle remains non-measurable even after more than a week of air exposure. Lower pressures and longer treatment times (120 s) lead to better macroscopic adhesion and reproducibility. For optimal treatment conditions (0.5 Pa, 120s N2 plasma treatment time), the improvement of the adhesion remains excellent after seven days exposure of the sample in air.

2394. Roth, J.R., and P.P. Tsai, “Method and apparatus for glow discharge plasma treatment of polymer materials at atmospheric pressure,” U.S. Patent 5456972, Oct 1995.

Polymer materials such as film and fabrics, woven, non-woven and meltblown, may be non-destructively surface treated to improve water wettability by exposure to a glow discharge plasma sustained at substantially atmospheric pressure in a modified gas atmosphere comprising helium or argon.

896. Tomasino, C., J.J. Cuomo, and C.B. Smith, “Plasma treatments of textiles,” in The Fifth Annual International Conference on Textile Coating and Laminating, W.C. Smith, ed., Technomic, Nov 1995.

2395. Kusano, Y., T. Inagaki, M. Yoshikawa, S. Akiyama, and K. Naitoh, “Corona discharge surface treating method,” U.S. Patent 5466424, Nov 1995.

A surface treating method is described, which method comprising applying, between electrodes, a potential sufficient to cause corona discharge to occur in the presence of a gas which comprises molecules containing at least one atom selected from the group consisting of halogen atom, oxygen atom and nitrogen atom. The resultant corona discharge is applied to an object to be treated for the surface treatment of the object, said object being outside said electrodes. The excellent adhesive surface can be obtained when said object is separated from said electrodes at a distance in the range of 10 mm to 5 m.

 

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