ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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2662. no author cited, “Part 5: Position of corona treating system,” http://www.faustel.com/position-of-corona-treating-station/,
2663. Gilbertson, T.J., “Using watt density to predict dyne levels,” http://www.enerconind.com/treating/library/technical-articles/using-watt...,
2664. no author cited, “Watt density calculator,” http://www.enerconind.com/treating/support/calculators/watt-density.aspx,
2665. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treater station design & construction: Meeting the converting challenge,” Enercon Industries,
2677. no author cited, “Wetting tension and contact angle,” http://www.polyprint.com/flexographic-wetting.htm,
2753. no author cited, “Corona treatment,” www.facebook.com/electrotechindustries.india/ (or www.linkedin.com/in/etinc/), 0.
2796. Huber, M.L., “Models for viscosity, thermal conductivity, and surface tension of selected pure fluids as implemented in REFPROP v10.0,” NIST,
2802. Bailey, A.I., “Surface and interfacial tension,” www.thermopedia.com/content/30/,
2805. no author cited, “A practical means to measure surface treatment levels of PE film using PGX+, a new portable contact angle instrument,” https://www.testingmachines.com/pdf/contact-angle-vs-dyne-pen.pdf,
2814. Shi, F., B. Zhang, J. Ii, and Y. Hei, “Relationship of carbon fiber surface composition to surface energy,” AVIC Composite Co. Ltd.,
2848. no author cited, “Why corona treatment?,” Ferrarini & Benelli,
2849. no author cited, “Main applications of plasma treatment,” Ferrarini & Binelli,
2850. no author cited, “Plasma and corona surface treatment offer solutions to solve adhesion problems,” Ferrarini & Benelli,
2851. no author cited, “Corona vs. plasma: A comparison between surface treatments,” Ferrarini & Benelli,
2853. no author cited, “Plasma treatment at atmospheric pressure conditions,” Ferrarini & Benelli,
2854. no author cited, “Destructioning the ozone produced by the corona treatment,” Ferrarini & Benelli,
2857. no author cited, “Surface treatment and adhesion of APTIV [PEEK] film,” Victrex,
2859. no author cited, “Wetting and contact angle (TeachEngineering STEM Curriculum for K-12),” https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/duk__surface tensionunit_less3,
2888. Kranias, S., “Effect of drop volume on static contact angles,” Kruss GmbH, 0.
2907. no author cited, “Contact angle: A guide to theory and measurement,” Ossila,
2911. no author cited, “How are probe liquids selected for surface energy measurements?,” https://www.physics.stackexchange.com/questions/243750/how-are-probe-liquids-selected,
2939. no author cited, “Determination of the surface tension between a printing ink and fountain water during the offset process (Application note 3),” https://www.dataphysics-instruments.com/Downloads/3,
2940. no author cited, “Optimisation of the determination of surface free energies of polymers (Application note 4),” https://www.dataphysics-instruments.com/Downloads/4,
2941. no author cited, “Simplified determination of the surface free energy of polymers (Application note 6),” https://www.dataphysics-instruments.com/Downloads/6,
2942. no author cited, “Determination of contact angles by different methods of dropshape analysis (Application note 12),” https://www.dataphysics-instruments.com/Downloads/12,
2943. no author cited, “Calculation of a new reference liquid by measurement on a known solid surface (Application note 17),” https://www.dataphysics-instruments.com/Downloads/17,
2944. no author cited, “Dynamic contact angle measurements on curved surfaces by using the bridge-function (Application note 22),” https://www.dataphysics-instruments.com/Downloads/22,
3054. no author cited, “Dyne test kit - equipment and guide to surface energy measurement,” Tantec (https://www.tantec.com/dyne-test-measuring-surface-energy/),
3116. Wolf, R.A., “Metal-foil cleaning for roll-to-roll thin film batteries,” Enercon Industries,
2884. Young, T., “An essay on the cohesion of fluids,” Phil Trans Royal Society of London, 95, 65-87, (1805).
Dr. Young’s principal objects in this paper are to reduce the phenomena of the capillary action of fluids to the general law of an equable tension of their surfaces; to investigate the properties of the curves resulting from this law; to determine the magnitude of the apparent adhesion of solids to fluids, and the cohesion of moistened solids; and to show in what manner the law itself is probably derived from the fundamental properties of matter. Dr. Young observes, that a fluid which is not capable of wetting a given solid, forms with it an angle of contact which is constant in all circumstances; that the curvature of the surface of a fluid, or the sum of the curvatures, where the curvature is double, is always proportional to the elevation or depression with respect to the general surface, and that the curve itself admits, in all cases, an approximate delineation by mechanical means, but is not always capable of being easily subjected to calculation. When, however, the curvature is simple, the direction of the surface, at any given height, admits a correct determination. Hence the elevation of a fluid in contact with a given surface, whether vertical, horizontal, or inclined, is deduced from its ascent between plates, or in a tube, of the same substance; and the result is shown to agree with experiments. Thus, taking 1/25-th of an inch for the diameter of a tube, in which water rises to the height of an inch, it is inferred that the apparent adhesion of water, to a square inch of any horizontal surface capable of being wetted by it, must be 50½ grains, which is only half a grain more than the result of Taylor’s experiments. The adhesion of alcohol, and of sulphuric acid, as measured by Achard, are also found to agree with the ascent of those fluids in capillary tubes. Lord Charles Cavendish’s table of the depression of mercury in barometer tubes, is compared with the same principles by means of diagrams constructed for each particular case; and the apparent adhesion of the surface of mercury to glass, as well as the depth of a portion of mercury spread on a plate of glass, is deduced from these measures, and is shown to agree with experiments. The observations of Morveau, on the attraction of the different metals to mercury, are also discussed; and some remarks are made on the magnitude of drops of various substances.
599. Willows, R.S., and E. Hatschek, Surface Tension and Surface Energy and Their Influence on Chemical Phenomena, J. & A. Churchill, 1915.
1342. Lecomte du Nouy, P., “A new apparatus for measuring surface tension,” J. Gen. Physiol., 1, 521-524, (1919).
Surface tension is probably one of the most difficult phenomena to measure. Although a great deal of ingenuity has been spent for almost a century in devising accurate techniques, the figures obtained deviate more from each other for the same substance, according to different authors, than any other constant characterizing the substance. It is well ,known that the two classes of methods of measurement, the static and the dynamic give entirely different results when applied to the same liquid.
1492. Washburn, E.W., “The dynamics of capillary flow,” Physical Review, 17, 273-283, (1921).
Penetration of Liquids into Cylindrical Capillaries.—The rate of penetration into a small capillary of radius r is shown to be: dl dt= P (r 2+ 4 ε r) 8 η l, where P is the driving pressure, ε the coefficient of slip and η the viscosity. By integrating this expression, the distance penetrated by a liquid flowing under capillary pressure alone into a horizontal capillary or one with small internal surface is found to be the square root of (γ rt· cos θ 2 η), where γ is the surface tension and θ the angle of contact. The quantity (γ cos θ 2 η) is called the coefficient of penetrance or the penetrativity of the liquid.
454. Dorsey, N.E., “Ring methods for surface tension measurement,” Science, 69, 189+, (1929).
113. Freud, B.B., and H.Z. Freud, “A theory of the ring method for the determination of surface tension,” J. American Chemical Society, 52, 1772-1782, (1930).
156. Harkins, W.D., and H.F. Jordan, “A method for the determination of surface and interfacial tension from the maximum pull on a ring,” J. American Chemical Society, 52, 1751-1772, (1930).
Although many thousands of measurements have been made to determine the pull necessary to detach a ring from the surface of a liquid, it is a surprising fact that until three years ago there was no “ring method” for the measurement of surface tension. Thus in “International Critical Tables,” nine experimental methods for surface tension are listed but a ring method is not included, since the procedure which had been designated by this term did not supply even one single measured value of surface tension of these tables.
The failure of the ring procedure was due to the fact that the theory had not been sufficiently developed to permit its use as a method of measurement, although an incomplete theory had been developed by Cantor,1 Lohnstein,2 Lenard,3 Tichanowsky4 and MacDougall.5
In 1926 Harkins, Young and Cheng,6 on the basis of the well-justified assumption that the capillary height method, properly applied, gives correct values for the surface tensions of suitable liquids, showed how the ring procedure could be used as a moderately accurate method for such measurements. In the present paper the method is given a still higher degree of accuracy (about 0.25%).
551. Rideal, E.K., An Introduction to Surface Chemistry, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, 1930.
2886. Bartell, F.E., and A.D. Wooley, “Solid-liquid-air contact angles and their dependence upon the surface condition of the solid,” J. American Chemical Society, 55, 3518-3527, (1933).
521. Mack, G.L., “The determination of contact angles from measurement of the dimensions of small bubbles and drops. 1: The spheroidal segment method for acute angles,” J. Physical Chemistry, 40, 159-167, (1936).
The present methods of measuring contact angles all require that the solid material be obtainable in some special shape, such as a flat plate or capillary tube. Many surfaces, for example, those of plant materials, occur in irregular forms and must be dealt with in situ, because of the inhomogeneity of the body. The chief value of the method herein described is that its applicability is largely independent of the form of the solid surface. Some of the earliest determinations of contact angles were made from measurements of the dimensions of bubbles and drops. The work has been confined to large drops, but the use of very small drops may be shown to possess several advantages . . .
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