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1395. Marra, J.V., “Surface modification of polypropylene film,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 103, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.

1396. Schwab, F.C., et al, “Effect of resin additives on corona treatment of polyethylene,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 95, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985 (also in J. Plastic Film and Sheeting, V. 2, p. 119+. 1986).

A systematic study was made of seven common polyolefin resin stabilizers. Surface analysis techniques were used to characterize the surfaces of films containing these additives. Films were evaluated before and after corona treatment. Results of this study showed that a surprising number of additives are surface active. In some cases these additives have a dramatic effect on the surface chemistry produced by corona treatment, yet they do not affect subsequent ink adhesion. Conversely, an additive may not significantly affect the corona treatment chemistry but yet still reduce the adhesion performance of the film product.

1398. Whiteside, D.L., “Corona treating of substrates,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 89, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.

1403. Sherman, P.B., “Quartz, ceramic or rubber dielectric in corona treatment,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 341, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.

1405. Markgraf, D.A., “Physical and surface chemistry of corona discharge...,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 107+, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.

1776. Bhatia, Q.S., J.-K. Chen, J.T. Koberstein, J.E. Sohn, and J.A. Emerson, “The measurement of polymer surface tension by drop image processing: Application to PDMS and comparison with theory,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 106, 353-359, (Aug 1985).

Digital image processing techniques are applied toward the determination of polymer surface tension by pendant drop measurements. Experimental values for poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a function of molecular weight and temperature correspond well with previous measurements of poly(dimethylsiloxane) surface tension, testifying to the applicability of the new technique. Current thermodynamic treatments are found to provide excellent predictions of poly(dimethylsiloxane) surface tension for molecular weights of 3900 and 75,000 at temperatures ranging from 20 to 120°C. Theories developed by K. M. Hong and J. Noolandi (Macromolecules, 14, 1223, 1981) and Y. Rabin (J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. Ed. 22, 335, 1984) yield predictions within 5% of t he experimental results for the materials and conditions studied.

1985. Lavielle, L., J. Schultz, and A. Sanfeld, “Surface properties of graft polyethylene in contact with water, II: Thermodynamic aspects,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 106, 446-451, (Aug 1985).

The thermodynamic aspects of the evolution of surface free energy of acrylic acid grafted polyethylene films have been examined as a function of time of contact on water. The dispersive and polar components vary with time and the interfacial free energy reaches a minimal value. Two terms participate in these variations: adsorption of water molecules and reorientation of polar acrylic groups at the water-polymer interface. Irreversible process thermodynamics has been applied to these phenomena. The surface can be characterized by a phenomenological coefficient relating the orientation rate and the orientation affinity of the polar groups at the interface.

2319. Ahlbrandt, A., “Corona treater for plastic film,” U.S. Patent 4533523, Aug 1985.

A corona treater includes an active electrode which has one or more insulated electrode elements slidably supported by an insulating track. A contact spring connects each electrode element to a conductive electrode bar embedded in the track, and sheet material to be treated is fed through a treatment zone created between an active discharge surface on each electrode element and a bare metal roller electrode.

179. Jones, W.C., “Testing surfaces for cleanliness,” Metal Finishing, 83, 13-15, (Oct 1985).

380. Weber, J.H., “Predict surface tension of binary liquids,” Chemical Engineering, 92, 87-90, (Oct 1985).

1462. Brewis, D.M., “Adhesion problems at polymer surfaces,” Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology, 1, 1-21, (Oct 1985).

2376. Holland, G.J., “Subjecting film to corona discharge prior to compression rolling,” U.S. Patent 4548770, Oct 1985.

Compression rolling of a film is improved by subjecting the film to corona discharge prior to the rolling. The corona discharge treatment improves the processability of the film.

220. LePoutre, P., M. Inoue, and J. Aspler, “Wetting time and critical surface energy,” TAPPI J., 68, 86-87, (Dec 1985).

496. Kadash, M.M., and C.G. Seefried Jr., “Closer characterization of corona treated PE surfaces,” Plastics Engineering, 41, 45-48, (Dec 1985).

2377. Tietje, A., “Corona discharge device,” U.S. Patent 4556795, Dec 1985.

A corona discharge device includes a roll formed of a conductive material and a plurality of segments mounted on a support and arranged in spaced relation from the surface of the roll in an alignment generally parallel to the roll's rotational axis. Each segment includes a hollow insulator having an outer surface adapted to be disposed adjacent to said roll and a wall extending away therefrom. The conductive body is disposed within said insulator and in an opposed relation to said outer surface. The conductive means is coupled to the conductive body and extends outwardly from said insulator for being coupled to said support means for movement of said segment away from said roll. An insulating material can be used to fill the remaining portion of said insulator and to surround said conductive means.

32. Bodo, P., and J.-E. Sundgren, “Adhesion of evaporated titanium films to ion-bombarded polyethylene,” J. Applied Physics, 60, 1161-1168, (1986).

Ti films were deposited onto high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) samples by electron‐beam evaporation. Prior to film deposition the samples were in situ pretreated by Ar ion bombardment using a sputter ion gun. The adhesion of the films, determined as the pull strength required for film failure, was measured as a function of ion dose. HDPE substrates processed at two different temperatures were examined. The adhesion of the Ti films to HDPE samples processed at ≊150 °C increased with the ion dose to a steady‐state value corresponding to the cohesive strength of the HDPE substrate. The adhesion to the samples processed at ≊200°C increased to a maximum and then decreased for further ion bombardment to a level of the same order as that for films deposited onto as‐prepared samples. The effects of the ion bombardment upon the HDPE surface chemistry were examined by means of x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The ion bombardment resulted in dehydrogenation and cross linking of the surface region and for prolonged ion bombardment, a graphitelike surface was obtained. The film/substrate interface as well as the initial Ti film growth were examined by XPS analysis. A chemical interaction which resulted in Ti–C bonds was observed at the interface. The Ti film growth followed a pronounced three‐dimensional growth mode on as‐prepared surfaces whereas the ion bombardment resulted in a change toward a more two‐dimensional growth mode. The difference in adhesion behavior for the two types of HDPE substrates was found to be due to a difference in the amounts of low molecular weight products present within the substrates. The HDPE substrates processed at ≊200°C contained larger amounts of low molecular weight products and also had a lower degree of crystallinity and a less closely packed structure compared to those substrates processed at ≊150°C. This resulted in a segregation of low molecular weight products towards the surface of substrates processed at ∼200 °C. This segregation in turn is suggested to lead to a weak boundary layer, reducing the adhesion to as‐prepared samples and to substrates exposed to a high ion dose.

147. Guiseppe-Elie, A., G.E. Wnek, and S.P. Wesson, “Wettabililty of polyacetylene: surface energetics and determination of material properties,” Langmuir, 2, 508-513, (1986).

171. Ishimi, K., H. Hikita, and M.N. Esmail, “Dynamic contact angles on moving plates,” AIChe Journal, 32, 486-492, (1986).

A simple model for advancing dynamic menisci of the interface between two immiscible fluids is proposed on the hypothesis that there is a monomolecular film which precedes an apparent contact line and that a frictional force due to the solid surface is balanced with the interfacial tension forces on the film. An analytical solution for dynamic contact angles on vertical and inclined solid surfaces of plates is obtained as a function of the interfacial capillary number, the static contact angle, and the parameters of Langumuir's duplex film model. An analytical solution for dynamic meniscus heights is also derived. The analytical solutions are compared with previous experimental data. The agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is found to be fairly good, average deviations being 3.8 and 12%, respectively, for dynamic contact angles and dynamic meniscus heights at the solid surface.

288. Pochan, J.M., L.J. Gerenser, and J.F. Elman, “An ESCA study of the gas-phase derivatization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) treated by dry-air and dry-nitrogen corona discharge,” Polymer, 27, 1058-1062, (1986).

Gas-phase derivatization has been used along with e.s.c.a. to determine corona-discharge-induced chemical species on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Dry-air and dry-nitrogen coronas were studied. We showed that: (1) if the corona discharge treatment (CDT) power level is kept low enough, few water-soluble species are created; (2) 4% of oxygen is added to the surface with dry-air corona; (3) 75% of the oxidation products are identified as hydroperoxy, epoxy, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid and isolated carbonyl species (with hydroxyl and isolated carbonyl the prevalent species). Short-term time-dependent ageing studies show a one-to-one correspondence between the decrease in hydroperoxy species and the increase in hydroxyl and isolated carbonyl moieties. Reaction sequences are proposed to explain these data. At longer times these surface populations decrease. In general, the results from nitrogen coronas and dry-air coronas are similar.

300. Pritykin, L.M., “Calculation of the surface free energy of homo- and copolymers from the cohesion parameters and refractionometric characteristics of the respective monomers,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 112, 539-543, (1986).

The relationships of the optical characteristics of monomers (refractive index and specific refraction) and the cohesion parameters of polymers (effective cohesional energy and molar volume of the repeating unit) have been analyzed. New relationships are proposed that allow the calculation of the surface energies of homo- and copolymers using refractometric data of monomers. The relationships were tested with good consistency for a number of polymers of various chemical nature.

347. Spelt, J.K., D.R. Absolom, and A.W. Neumann, “Solid surface tension: the interpretation of contact angles by the equation of state approach and the theory of surface tension components,” Langmuir, 2, 620-625, (1986).

361. Suzuki, M., A. Kishida, H. Iwata, and Y. Ikada, “Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto a polyethylene surface pretreated with a glow discharge,” Macromolecules, 19, 1804-1808, (1986).

363. Tezuka, Y., A. Fukushima, S. Matsui, and K. Imai, “Surface studies on poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(dimethylsiloxane) graft copolymers,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 114, 16-25, (1986).

The surface structure and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(dimethylsiloxane), PVAL-PDMS, graft copolymers with the controlled PDMS graft chain length as well as chain distribution were studied. The surface of the graft copolymer was examined by XPS technique and was found to be covered with essentially pure PDMS graft component even in only 5 mole% siloxane unit content. The contact angle measurement was carried out with the water-in-air technique for PVAL—PDMS graft copolymers as well as the graft copolymer/PVAL homopolymer blends and the significant surface accumulation of PDMS graft component was confirmed with the graft copolymer/PVAL blend of less than 1 mole% of siloxane unit content. In contact with water, PVAL—PDMS graft copolymer surface was found to transform its surface morphology remarkably, which was noticed by the contact angle measurement with the air-in-water technique, where the contact angle of PVAL—PDMS graft copolymer surface was found to differ from that of pure PDMS—coated surface.

372. van Oss, C.J., R.J. Good, and M.K. Chaudhury, “The role of van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds in 'hydrophilic interactions' between biopolymers and low energy surfaces,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 111, 378-390, (1986).

The thermodynamic nature of interfaces and of adhesion is reexamined in the light of the Lifshitz theory of the forces acting across condensed phases. A new term is proposed, γLW, which consists of the sum of the terms heretofore ascribed to London, Debye, and Keesom forces, LW referring to Lifshitz-van der Waals. This term and a second term γSR account for the entirety of two-phase interactions in nonionic systems; SR refers to short range forces. This new analysis of forces is of value in explaining some important biological and other phenomena. The rather strong attachment of hydrophilic proteins, e.g., human serum albumin (HSA) and human immunoglobulin G (IgG), to low energy surfaces, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polystyrene (PST), while immersed in H2O, cannot be ascribed solely to Lifshitz-van der Waals forces (LW). For instance, it can be shown that the LW interaction would give rise to a repulsion between HSA and PTFE. The short range (SR) interactions, e.g., between H2O and HSA, are due to H-bonds, which cannot directly account for interactions with PTFE. However, the combined SR interfacial tensions between the H-bonding liquid, the biopolymer, and the low energy surface still result in a strong attraction between PTFE and HSA, immersed in H2O. This is analogous to the behavior of a liquid-air interface (where the fact that the direct interaction between a given solute and air is zero does not preclude the solute from being preferentially attracted to the interface). This SR attraction (minus the LW repulsion) between HSA and PTFE, in H2O, is of the same order of magnitude as the adsorption energy derived from the Langmuir isotherm obtained for this system. Analogous results are found with IgG and PTFE, and also with HSA and IgG, with PST. Desorption patterns (obtained by changing the γLW and γSR of the liquid medium) allow an insight into the degree of local dehydration (or “denaturation”) of adsorbed proteins under various conditions. It is suggested that the term interfacial forces more aptly describes the underlying mechanism than “hydrophobic interactions.”

482. Hook, T.H., R.L. Schmitt, and J.A. Gardella Jr., “Analysis of polymer surface structure by low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy,” Analytical Chemistry, 58, 1285-1290, (1986).

1394. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment: an overview,” in 1986 Coextrusion Conference Proceedings, 85, TAPPI Press, 1986.

1763. Yuk, S.H., and M.S. Jhon, “Contact angles on deformable solids,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 110, 252, (1986).

The characterization of polymer-water interfaces by contact angle measurement is performed using water-immiscible liquids. It gives the dispersive and the nondispersive components of surface free energy as a function of functional group of copolymer hydrogels. Using the method of Rusanov, the contactangle-induced deformation of the three-phase region in our systems was examined. The systems used were poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate) (HEMA-MMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA-MEEMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-aminoethyl methacrylate) (HEMA-AEMA), and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-diethylaminocthyl methacrylate) (HEMA-DEAMA). The deviation of contact angle due to the surface deformation was found to be appreciable in case of poly(HEMA-AEMA) and poly(HEMA-DEAMA).

1807. Kasai, H., M. Kogoma, T. Moriwaki, and S. Okazaki, “Surface structure estimation by plasma fluorination of amorphous carbon, diamond, graphite and plastic film surfaces,” J. Physics D: Applied Physics, 19, L225-L228, (1986).

Various carbon films which have been produced in plasma have been fluorinated so that their surface structures could be analysed. Every fluorinated carbon film shows a characteristic contact angle change which follows its surface structure. These samples can be classified into two groups: amorphous and crystal, from comparison of the ratios of the area due to fluorine in the C1s peak to the total area of the C1s peak in ESCA results.

57. Cheever, G.D., “Evaluation of heterogeneous surfaces by contact angle distributions,” J. Coatings Technology, 58, 37-42, (Jan 1986).

1475. Ashley, R.J., et al, “Adhesion problems in the packaging industry,” in Industrial Adhesion Problems, Brewis, D.M., and D. Briggs, eds., Wiley - Interscience, Jan 1986.

12. Badran, A.A., and E. Marschall, “Oscillating pendant drop: A method for the measurement of dynamic surface and interfacial tension,” Review of Scientific Instrumentation, 57, 259-263, (Feb 1986).

A method is described for measuring dynamic surface and interface tension. The technique is essentially a variation of the pendant drop method in which the drop is allowed to oscillate after sudden formation at the tip of a syringe. Immediately after the oscillation stops but before the drop detaches, there is an instant of rest. At this moment, the profile of the drop is obtained using high‐speed photography. The boundary tension is then calculated from the profile using established methods. The technique is demonstrated on systems consisting of aqueous solutions of sodium stearate or oleate on one hand and mineral oil or air on the other hand. Surface or interface tensions may be obtained within 0.25 to 5 s after surface formation.

180. Kaainoa, S., “What you should know about bare-roll corona treaters,” Plastics Technology, 32, 85-88, (Feb 1986).

493. Jones, W.R., “Contact angle and surface tension measurements of a five-ring polyphenyl ether,” ASLE Translations, 29, 276-282, (Apr 1986).

Contact angle measurements were performed for a five-ring polyphenyl ether isomeric mixture on M-50 steel in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. Two different techniques were used: (1) a tilting-plate apparatus, and (2) a sessile drop apparatus. Measurements were made for the temperature range 25 to 190°C. Surface tension was measured by a differential maximum bubble pressure technique over the range 23 to 220°C in room air. The critical surface energy of spreading (γc) was determined for the polyphenyl ether by plotting the cosine of the contact angle (θ) versus the surface tension (γLV). The straight line intercept at cos θ = 1 is defined as γc. γc was found to be 30.1 dyn/cm for the tilting-plate technique and 31.3 dyn/cm for the sessile drop technique. These results indicate that the polyphenyl ether is inherently autophobic (i.e., it will not spread on its own surface film until its surface tension is less than γc). This phenomenon is discussed in light of the wettability and wear problems encountered with this fluid.

Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada May 6–9, 1985

11. Babu, S.R., “Determination of surface tension of liquids,” J. Physical Chemistry, 90, 4337-4340, (Aug 1986).

An absolute method for the determinalion of surface tension of liquids using the pendent drop profiles at conical tips, which has several distinct advantages, has been proposed. For systems with zero contact angle, the dimensionless governing equations for drop profiles at different conical tips have been computer-solved. and the theoretical plots of XT and ZT vs. their ratio, where XT and ZT are the dimensionless x and z coordinates of the drop profile at a plane at the conical tip perpendicular to the axis of symmetry, are statistically anaJyied to generate suitable tables for using the proposed method.

532. Maxwell, J.W., L. Salvati Jr., D.A. Markgraf, and M. Ferris, “The effect of time and contact on corona treated surfaces,” in 1986 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Aug 1986 (also in 1987 Extrusion Coating Short Course/Seminar, TAPPI Press, p. 153-158, 1987).

The effect of time and surface contact on corona treated material can be measured and evaluated. Both components cause degradation of dyne level readings of wettability. However, the most significant cause, though it can be isolated, cannot be completely eliminated. A solution to the problem is possible but requires cooperation between material producers and converters.

907. no author cited, “The whole story: Wettability, corona treaters and compliance,” Converting, 4, (Sep 1986).

51. Cazabar, A.M., and M.A. Cohen Stuart, “Dynamics of wetting: effects of surface roughness,” J. Physical Chemistry, 90, 5845-5849, (Oct 1986).

2320. Kolbe, A., and P. Dinter, “Method and device for surface treatment of film webs,” U.S. Patent 4615906, Oct 1986.

A method for surface treatment of a substrate made of thermoplastic plastic is described, wherein the substrate is guided into the zone of a corona discharge flowing between two electrodes charged with high electrical voltage. The characterizing feature of the method comprises subjecting at least one surface of the substrate, simultaneously with corona treatment, to reactive ionized substances from the the liquid phase in the corona discharge zone.

In addition, a device for working the method recited hereinabove is described, comprising a support surface and a high-voltage electrode, said electrode being connected to a high-voltage generator via a high-voltage cable. The characterizing features of the device comprise the high-voltage electrode being a shaped electrode open toward the supporting surface, which is filled with a liquid.

2378. Lori, G., “Method of flame activation of substrates,” U.S. Patent 4622237, Nov 1986.

Physical method for the treatment of the surfaces of polyolefinic plastic laminates, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), cardboards and metal sheets such as, particularly, aluminium and tinplate, of any thicknesses and widths, by means of a flame produced by the combustion of a mixture of air-hydrocarbon gas, characterized in that such a mixture is enriched with pure oxygen gas.

43. Briggs, D., “Analysis and chemical imaging of polymer surfaces by SIMS,” in Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces, Feast, W.J., and H.S. Munro, eds., 33-53, John Wiley & Sons, 1987.

 

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