The trials documented in this paper were run on a pilot coextrusion coating line at the Tampere University of Technology's Institute of Paper Converting in Finland. The study was conducted to test the ozonization system that was installed in our pilot line to treat the polymer melt in extrusion coating. The effect of the ozone, generated at the corona treater, on adhesion was studied. Ozone was first captured and transported to the nip with separate pipes. It was then led to an air knife near the air gap and blown against the polymer melt. The measured adhesion showed the usefulness of this technique. The following parameters were varied to determine the effectiveness of the ozone: substrate, line speed, coating weight, and melt temperature. Results indicated that thicker coating weights and higher melt temperatures improved adhesion values. The corona-generated ozone clearly improved adhesion compared to corona-treated or untreated samples.

With the advent of readily available nonpaper substrates (plastics and foils) in the mid-to-late 1950’s, the requirement for a reliable production speed surface treatment process became apparent. Several different technologies have been tried, but one, corona treatment, has become, by far, the primary surface treatment technology used across the Extrusion and Converting Industries. We will touch on these various technologies, technically describe the need for surface treatment and how it is measured, trace the development of corona treatment as the leading surface treatment method, and detail the current state-of-the-art in equipment, control parameters and applications.

Natural rubber thermoplastic elastomers (NRTPEs) made by dynamic vulcanization of natural rubber during its mixing with polypropylene were subjected to various halogenation surface treatments. Marked reduction in the coefficient of friction is possible depending on the chemical treatment employed, TPE composition and the presence of a lubricant. As a result of halogenation there is an increase in the microroughness and hardness of the NRTPE surface. These effects in part explain the large decrease in the friction coefficients since the contact area is decreased. Thus NRTPE can be employed in applications requiring low friction, such as certain types of seals. Another consequence of halogenation of NRTPE is the increase in its surface energy which in turn promotes adhesion to various polar substrates. Indeed it was determined that halogenation of NETPE is an effective way of priming the surface of these materials for adhesion to acrylic and other substrates. Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer rubber-Polypropylene thermoplastic elastomers (EPTPEs) were used as a control in this study to assess how a low unsaturation EPDM-based TPE compares with the high unsaturation NRTPEs in different halogenation surface treatments.

Osteointegration is dependent on a variety of biomechanical and biochemical factors. One factor is the wettability of an implant surface that is directly influenced by its surface energy. This investigation used the Zisman plot to determine critical surface energy. The effects of surface treatment, bulk grain size, and surface roughness on the critical surface tension of unalloyed titanium (Ti) were examined. Radio frequency glow discharge-treated Ti had the highest critical surface tension, followed by the passivated and heat-sterlized conditions. Titanium with no surface treatment had the lowest critical surface tension. The surface energy of Ti with an average grain size of 23 μm was not significantly different from that with a grain size of 70 μm. Surface roughness was shown to cause significant difference in measurements and definitely should be considered in studies of this kind. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.820281206

Photochemical dry etching and surface modification of various polymers, e.g. polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyimide (PI), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were investigated with coherent and incoherent excimer UV sources. Ablation rates of PMMA were measured as a function of laser fluence and laser pulse at the wavelength λ = 248 nm (KrF*). Decomposition and etch rates of PMMA and PI were determined as a function of UV intensity and exposure time at three different wavelengths λ = 172 nm (Xe*2), λ = 222 nm (KrCl*) and λ = 308 nm (XeCl*). The transmittance of the polymeric films was determined with a UV-spectrophotometer after different exposure times. The morphology of the exposed polymers was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The gaseous products occurring during UV exposure were measured using mass spectrometry (MS). Chemical surface changes of the photoetched PMMA were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mechanism of the photo-oxidation process of PMMA is discussed. The etching of PMMA can be explained as a result of extensive photo-oxidation. The results are compared with those obtained from mercury lamp and excimer laser experiments. Good adhesion of electrolessly deposited metal layers was achieved by irradiation of the polymeric surfaces from incoherent UV source before depositing the metal layer.

Modification of a selective area of a fluororesin surface was accomplished by using ArF excimer laser radiation and a boron complex with oleophilic or hydrophilic functional groups. The chemical stability of fluororesin is attributed to the presence of C-F bonds. The F atoms were abstracted by B atoms selectively from the area irradiated with excimer laser radiation and were replaced with the desired functional groups. In this modification, B(CH₃)₃ and B(OH)₃ were used: a boron compound with methyl groups to generate an oleophilic surface, and one with hydroxyl groups to generate a hydrophilic surface. As a result, the resin surface exposed to ArF laser radiation becomes oleophilic or hydrophilic. Both samples were bonded to stainless steel plates with an epoxy bonding agent and the tensile shear strength was 1.2 x 10⁷ Pa in both cases.

COF groups are formed by electron irradiation of PTFE [poly(tetrafluoroethylene)] powders in air, especially at the surface and in near-surface regions which can be easily hydrolysed to carboxyl groups by air humidity. The application of special additives during irradiation leads to modified micropowders. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy enables the detection of carboxyl and COF groups. γ-Irradiation of PTFE mainly causes degradation of the polymer; the concentration of carboxyl groups is much lower. Carboxylated micropowders created via radiation treatment retain the essential properties of PTFE. With increasing radiation dose, the increasing concentration of functional groups in the micropowders causes an increase in the surface free energy. This diminishes the strong water and oil repellency of PTFE in such a way that homogeneous incorporation into aqueous and organic liquids or other polymers is possible. So, the special properties of PTFE can be made effective in these media. Modified PTFE micropowders have been successfully tested in many application areas. The aim of our present work was to increase the concentration and vary the nature of functional groups by radiation-chemical methods or chemical conversion of COF groups (polymer-analogous reactions). A highly modified PTFE powder was used to reduce the repellent properties of PTFE diaphragms for application in brine electrolysis. The COF groups of the micropowders were modified by γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The irradiation of FEP [poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene)] and PFA [poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoroalkylvinylether)] yields products which contain a higher content of carboxyl groups than PTFE.