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ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography

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647. Marchant, R.E., C.J. Chou, and C. Khoo, “Effect of nitrogen RF plasma on the properties of polypropylene,” in Plasma Polymerization and Plasma Treatment of Polymers, Yasuda, H.K., ed., 126-138, John Wiley & Sons, 1988.

2889. Mark, G.L., and D.A. Lee, “The determination of contact angles from measurements of the dimensions of small bubbles and drops II. The sessile drop method for obtuse angles,” J. Physical Chemistry, 40, 169-176, (1936).

It has been suggested in a previous communication (3) that widely variant surface energies may exist at closely adjoining points on a surface. Well-substantiated theory as to the surface structure of solid catalytic materials is in accord with thisview (7). The “active patches” on the catalytic surfaces are an extreme example of irregularity in the surface energy, but it seems reasonable to suppose that such irregularities may exist to a lesser degree in nearly all ordinary surfaces. Photographic evidence in support of this proposition appears in the work of Wark and Cox (9), who found that the same air bubble under a mineral surface wet with water might have an angle of contact on the right side different from that on the left.

Instead of measuring the contact angle directly, it may be calculated from the dimensions of the drop. The angle so obtained may be regarded as the integral of the sum of all the various contact angles existing along the circumference of the drop. Thus each determination yields an average result not unduly influenced by irregularities at a given point on the surface. For precise determinations the method should have an especial advantage over the usual procedure of direct measurement, because the error in personal judgment involved in drawing the tangent to the curved drop surface at the point of contact is eliminated. This error becomes increasingly important as the contact angle approaches 180, while the dimensions of the drop may be measured with the same degree of accuracy as before.

2155. Mark, J.E., ed., Polymer Data Handbook, 2nd Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, Apr 2009.

229. Markgraf, D.A., “Determining the size of a corona treating system,” TAPPI J., 72, 173-178, (Sep 1989).

230. Markgraf, D.A., “Understanding causes can deter backside treatment,” Paper Film & Foil Converter, 66, 145-146, (Sep 1992).

231. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment: an overview,” in 1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 159-188, TAPPI Press, Sep 1994.

With the advent of readily available nonpaper substrates (plastics and foils) in the mid-to-late 1950’s, the requirement for a reliable production speed surface treatment process became apparent. Several different technologies have been tried, but one, corona treatment, has become, by far, the primary surface treatment technology used across the Extrusion and Converting Industries. We will touch on these various technologies, technically describe the need for surface treatment and how it is measured, trace the development of corona treatment as the leading surface treatment method, and detail the current state-of-the-art in equipment, control parameters and applications.

232. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treating electrodes: effect on treatment level and efficiency,” in 1995 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 159-166, TAPPI Press, Aug 1995.

524. Markgraf, D.A., “Ozone decomposition in corona treatment,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 227+, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.

525. Markgraf, D.A., “Treatment required for printing with water-based inks,” in 1987 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 333-336, TAPPI Press, Aug 1987.

526. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment and water-borne technology: Implications for converting polyolefin substrates,” American Ink Maker, 65, 26-62, (1987).

527. Markgraf, D.A., “Sizing: the critical element for effective corona treating,” in 1989 Coextrusion Seminar Proceedings, 17+, TAPPI Press, 1989.

617. Markgraf, D.A., “Troubleshooting corona treatment equipment in the converting industry,” in 2002 Troubleshooting Short Course for Extrusion Coating & Flexible Packaging Notes, 109-118, TAPPI Press, Jun 2002 (also in 2002 PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Sep 2002).

729. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment enhanced adhesion for extrusion coating,” in Extrusion Coating Manual, 4th Ed., Bezigian, T., ed., 65-74, TAPPI Press, Feb 1999.

747. Markgraf, D.A., “Surface treatment,” in Film Extrusion Manual: Process, Materials, Properties, 2nd Ed., Butler, T.I., 287-311, TAPPI Press, Feb 2005.

928. Markgraf, D.A., “Practical aspects of determining the intensity of corona treatment,” TAPPI J., 68, (Feb 1985).

929. Markgraf, D.A., “Statistical quality control (SQC) applied to corona treating,” Flexo, 13, (May 1988).

942. Markgraf, D.A., “Atmospheric plasma - the new functional treatment for extrusion coating and lamination processes,” in 2003 European PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, 2003.

955. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treater station design & construction: Meeting the blown film challenge,” in 1996 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, 1996.

1053. Markgraf, D.A., “What technology should I use to treat my film?,” in 2003 PLACE Conference and the Global Hot Melt Symposium, TAPPI Press, Sep 2003 (also in AIMCAL 2003 Fall Technical Conference, AIMCAL, Oct 2003).

1104. Markgraf, D.A., “Analysis of new flame treatment technology for surface modification and adhesion promotion,” in 2004 PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Sep 2004.

1107. Markgraf, D.A., “The treatment of thinner substrates,” Presented at 2004 AIMCAL Fall Technical Conference, Oct 2004.

1394. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment: an overview,” in 1986 Coextrusion Conference Proceedings, 85, TAPPI Press, 1986.

1399. Markgraf, D.A., “Evolution of corona treating electrodes,” in 1983 Paper Synthetics Conference Proceedings, 255, TAPPI Press, 1983.

1405. Markgraf, D.A., “Physical and surface chemistry of corona discharge...,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 107+, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.

1406. Markgraf, D.A., “Practical aspects of determining level of corona treatment,” in 1984 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 507+, TAPPI Press, Aug 1984 (also in 1985 Film Extrusion Conference Proceedings, p. 65+, TAPPI Press, 1985).

1714. Markgraf, D.A., Surface Treatment of Plastics: Technology and Applications, Technomic, 1996.

2665. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treater station design & construction: Meeting the converting challenge,” Enercon Industries,

2763. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment: An adhesion promoter for water-based & UV-cured printing,” in 1996 New Printing Technologies Symposium Proceedings, TAPPI Press, 1996.

528. Markgraf, D.A., and R. Edwards, “Corona treating solves sealing problems: eliminating the elusive hydrocarbon,” in 1990 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 915-925, TAPPI Press, Aug 1990.

1392. Markgraf, M.P., “Corona treatment: An adhesion promoter for UV/EB converting,” RadTech Report, 7, (Sep 1993).

702. Marmur, A., “Theory and measurement of contact angles,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.

2894. Marmur, A., “Soft contact: measurement and interpretation of contact angles,” Soft Matter, 2, 12-17, (2006).

The measurement and interpretation of contact angles deceptively appear to be simple. This paper attempts to summarize the pitfalls in the field, and how to avoid them. First, the fundamental underlying theory that is necessary in order to properly measure and interpret contact angles is discussed, emphasizing recent developments. Then, the practical implications of these theoretical aspects are presented. In addition, the discussion highlights the missing pieces of the picture that need to be completed through future research.

3030. Marmur, A., “A guide to the equilibrium contact angles maze,” in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Vol. 6, K.L. Mittal, ed., 3-18, VSP, 2009.

Understanding, measuring, and interpreting equilibrium contact angles appear to be simple, but may actually be quite confusing. This paper is an attempt at a guide to the perplexed. First, a comprehensive, clearly defined terminology is suggested. Then, the theory of equilibrium contact angles on smooth, rough, or chemically heterogeneous surfaces is briefly discussed. Finally, the practical implications of the theory to contact angle measurement and interpretation are indicated and explained.

2924. Maroofi, A., N. Navah Safa, and H.Ghomi, “Atmospheric air plasma jet for improvement of paint adhesion to aluminum surface in industrial applicationss,” Intl. J. Adhesion and Adhesives, 98, (Apr 2020).

Improvement of paint adhesion to aluminium surfaces is one of the main challenges in many industrial applications. In this paper, we introduce the atmospheric pressure air plasma jet as an appropriate candidate for preparation of 5052 aluminium surface alloy to improve paint adhesion in the industrial level. The employed plasma jet can promote paint adhesion to aluminium surface at the treatment velocity of 2 m/min and plasma size of 10 mm. Based on the cross-cut test, adhesion of polyurethane paint to the surface greatly increases from 1B to 5B level due to the plasma treatment. According to the results, the surface wettability increases under the influence of the plasma treatment so that water droplet contact angle reduces from 79.0°±2.0°–27.5°±2.0° after the treatment. Dyne test ink also denotes the increment of surface energy to the greater than 72 mN/m. Besides, we employ various analytical methods to investigate the physical and chemical changes arise from the plasma processing to the surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results show a twofold increase in the roughness parameters of plasma treated surface which can result in a stronger paint and surface interlocking. Chemical analysis of the surface reveals that plasma treatment of the aluminium surface leads to the surface cleaning and formation of hydrophilic functional groups that attract much more water towards the surface and improves the paint adhesion.

529. Marra, J.V., “Metallized OPP film, surface characteristics and physical properties,” in 1987 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 563-567, TAPPI Press, Aug 1987.

1395. Marra, J.V., “Surface modification of polypropylene film,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 103, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.

2058. Marra, J.V., “Metallized OPP film, surface characteristics and physical properties,” J. Plastic Film and Sheeting, 4, 27-34, (Jan 1988).

Metallized OPP (oriented polypropylene) film offers exceptional gas and water vapor barrier properties, making it one of the most cost-effective flexible protective packaging materials. Its barrier properties correlate with opacity, which, in turn, de pends on the degree of coverage by the metallization. Minor defects, such as scratches, will generally represent only a small percentage of the total coverage of a package and have a proportionally small effect on the barrier properties of the pack age. The high-energy metal surface is extremely active and will wet well and adhere strongly when clean. In fact, it is so active that it is easily coated with trace amounts of any low energy organic material with which it makes contact. For assurance of consistent wetting and bonding, metallized OPP surfaces should be cleaned in-line, such as by bare-roll corona treatment.

1080. Martin-Martinez, J.M., M.D. Romero-Sanchez, C.M. Cepeda-Jiminez, et al, “Surface treatments to improve vulcanised latex adhesion: Current state of the art,” in Polymers in Building and Construction (Rapra Review Report 154), 157-178, Rapra, Feb 2003.

1673. Martinez-Garcia, A., A. Sanchez-Reche, S. Gilbert-Soler, et al, “Corona discharge treatment of EVAs with different vinyl acetate contents,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 21, 441-463, (2007).

Four ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) co-polymers with different vinyl acetate (VA) contents (9–20 wt%) were treated with corona discharge to improve their adhesion to polychloroprene (PCP) adhesive. The thermal properties of the EVAs decreased as their VA content increased, caused by a decrease in crystallinity. The elastic and viscous moduli of the EVAs decreased and the temperature and modulus at the cross-over between these moduli decreased with increasing VA content. Contact-angle measurements (water), infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyse the surface modifications produced in the corona-discharge-treated EVAs. The corona discharge treatment produced improved wettability and created roughness and oxygen moieties on the EVA surfaces. The higher the VA content and the higher the corona energy, the more significant modifications were produced on the EVA surface. The VA content also affected the T-peel strength values of treated EVA/polychloroprene + isocyanate adhesive joints, as the values increased with increasing VA content. Mixed failure modes (interfacial + cohesive failure in the EVA) were obtained in the adhesive joints produced with corona discharge treated EVAs containing more than 9 wt% VA. The accelerated ageing of the joints did not affect the T-peel strength values, but the locus of failure in most cases became fully cohesive in the EVA, likely due to the higher extent of curing of the adhesive.

1231. Martinez-Garcia, A., A. Sanchez-Reche, S. Gisbert-Soler, et al, “Treatment of EVA with corona discharge to improve its adhesion to polychloroprene adhesive,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 17, 47-65, (2003).

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) material containing 20 wt% vinyl acetate (EVA20) was treated with corona discharge to improve its adhesion to polychloroprene adhesive. Several experimental variables in the corona discharge treatment of EVA20 were considered: corona energy, type of electrode, and number of consecutive treatments. Advancing contact angle measurements (water, 25°C) showed an increase in the wettability of EVA20 after treatment with corona discharge, which corresponds to an increase in the O/C ratio on the treated surface. The higher the corona energy (i.e. the higher discharge power and longer treatment times), the greater the degree of surface oxidation. Peel strength values of the joints produced with EVA20 using a polychloroprene adhesive containing 5 wt% isocyanate increased from 1.5 kN/m (as-received EVA20) to 4.3 kN/m (corona-treated EVA20). A mixed (adhesional + cohesive in EVA20) locus of failure was obtained in all adhesive joints produced with corona discharge-treated EVA20. Finally, the number of consecutive corona discharge treatments and the surface area of the electrode (spherical versus hook-shaped electrode) did not greatly influence the adhesion of EVA20 to polychloroprene adhesive.

 

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