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1655. Good, R.J., and E.D. Kotsidas, “Contact angles on swollen polymers: the surface energy of crosslinked polystyrene,” J. Adhesion, 10, 17, (1979).

The contact angle of CH2I2, α-bromonaphthalene and aniline on crosslinked polystyrene has been measured. The polymer was swollen for as long as 60 days in the liquid whose contact angle was to be measured. The surface free energy, γs, of unswelled polystyrene was estimated from the contact angles and the swelling results, using an equation which had previously been proposed by Good. The value of γs is estimated to be 42±2 ergs/cm2.

1995. Good, R.J., and E.D. Kotsidas, “The contact angle of water on polystyrene: A study of the cause of hysteresis,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 66, 360-362, (Sep 1978).

1. It is to be expected that the hysteresis of contact angles on polystyrene would be the effect of a number of simultaneous causes. Whatever the interpretation, the differences in the observed angles found with surfaces that had been formed in different ways point to structural differences among the samples; and the existence of structural differences would indicate that all the surfaces depart appreciably from ideality, e.g., from ideal flatness, rigidity, and homogeneity.

2. We have shown that effects due to film pressure, πe, would be in the opposite direction from those observed in hysteresis. Hence film pressure is not responsible for contact angle hysteresis.

139. Good, R.J., and L.A. Girifalco, “A theory for the estimation of surface and interfacial energies, III. Estimation of surface energies of solids from contact angle data,” J. Physical Chemistry, 64, 561-565, (1960).

A theory is proposed by which the surface free energy of certain solids can be estimated from the contact angles ofliquids on them. The method is verified using contact angle and surface tension data from the literature, for benzene and a-methylnaphthalene on liquid and solid fractions of a fluorinated lubricating oil. The method is then applied to data on the contact angles of various liquids on Teflon and on an octadecylamine monolayer. The surface tensions of these solids are estimated to be, respectively, about 28 and 30 ergs/cm…

142. Good, R.J., and M.K. Chaudhury, “Theory of adhesive forces across interfaces, I. The Lifshitz-van der Waals component of interaction in adhesion,” in Fundamentals of Adhesion, Lee, L.-H., ed., 137-151, Plenum Press, Feb 1991.

The theory of the apolar components of interfacial forces was examined in the previous chapter of this volume.(1) It has been possible to develop that theory of apolar components at this time owing to the existence of quantitative, mathematically formulated theories of forces between molecules (e.g., the London theory) together with the Lifshitz electromagnetic theory of the interaction of macroscopic bodies. (See the previous chapter for references.)

1657. Good, R.J., and M.N. Koo, “The effect of drop size on contact angle,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 71, 283, (1979).

We have established experimentally that, for certain liquid-solid systems, the contact angle formed by a drop of liquid varies with drop size, below a critical diameter which is probably a function of the nonuniformity of the solid surface. This effect has been observed with water on Teflon FEP and on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), in regard to both advancing and receding contact angles. The decrease was about 8° in θa and 16° in θr for water on Teflon FEP, between diameters of 4 mm and about 1 mm; and for other systems, a comparable or even greater effect was observed. For water on PMMA, θr decreased from 51° to 26°, between diameters of 8 and 3 mm. With ethylene glycol on Teflon FEP, the decrease in θ with drop size was observed in the retreating angle only. With n-decane on Teflon FEP, the contact angle was independent of drop size, between diameters of 1 and 12 mm. For all liquid-solid systems studied, the limiting contact angles for large drops were in good to excellent agreement with the values obtained by the vertical plate method. Qualitatively, this effect could be explained by hypothesizing the existence of a large, negative line tension. It was found that there was quantitative disagreement between observed results and predictions based on this hypothesis. A theory is proposed to explain the experimental results, based on the known heterogeneity of many polymer surfaces and a previously discussed theory of hysteresis. A negative pseudo-line tension can be used in a phenomenological description of the motion and contortion of the three-phase line.

2006. Good, W.R., “A comparison of contact angle interpretations,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 44, 63-71, (Jul 1973).

Three methods of interpretation of contact angles in terms of surface tension of liquid and solid are correlated. It is shown that the critical surface tension for wetting γc is dependant in a specific way on the nature of the liquid system used regardless of the nature of the solid. Equations are derived which express the limiting values γc may assume for a liquid/solid system. γc is also correlated with the Good-Girifalco treatment of contact angles and experimentally determined values of the parameter φ are compared with theoretical calculations from molar volumes of normal alcohol-paraffin wax interfaces.

The Fowkes method of contact angle interpretation is used to derive values for the polar and dispersion force components of liquid surface tensions for three alcohol/water solution series and two organic acid/water solutions.

1066. Goodwin, A., “Atmospheric pressure plasma technologies for surface modification of polymers,” in AIMCAL 2003 Fall Technical Conference, AIMCAL, Oct 2003.

145. Gorzynski, M.R., “Goniometer provides accurate measurement of bottle coatings,” Packaging Technology & Engineering, 5, 48-51, (Apr 1996).

1091. Gotoh, K., “Wettability and surface free energies of polymeric materials exposed to excimer ultraviolet light and particle deposition onto their surfaces in water,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 3, K.L. Mittal, ed., 125-138, VSP, Sep 2004.

The effects of exposure to [72 nm ultraviolet (UV) excimer light in ambient air on the wettability and surface free energy of polymer films were investigated from contact angle measurements. The polymer films used were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), poly (ethylene terephthalate)(PET), nylon 6 (Ny6) and polyimide (Pl). As a measure of the wettability, the water contact angle was determined by the sessile drop and the Wilhelmy methods. For all films, considerable increase in wettability was accomplished by UV exposure within a few tens of seconds. After the UV exposure, a decrease in the wettability, the hydrophobic recovery, was observed over a time period of several days. Even after the recovery, the wettability was sufficiently higher compared to that before the UV exposure. The Lifshitz-van der Waals component and Lewis acid-base parame-ters of the surface free energy of the films were determined by contact angle measurements using certain probe liquids. The base parameter was found to increase considerably by the UV exposure. XPS analysis and AFM observation of the film surfaces showed that such increases in the wettability and the surface free energy were due to the increased atomic oxygen concentration at the film surfaces. The effect of the UV exposure on particle deposition onto PP and PET in water was also examined using spherical polyethylene and nylon 12 particles. The apparent equilibrium number of particles deposited on the polymer substrate decreased drastically after UV exposure. The particle deposition behavior was explained well in terms of the free energy change due to deposition, which was calculated from various surface free energies.

2254. Gotoh, K., A. Yasukawa, and K. Taniguchi, “Water contact angles on poly(ethylene terephthalate) film exposed to atmospheric pressure plasma,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 25, 307-322, (2011).

The poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, film was exposed to atmospheric pressure plasma under various plasma processing parameters. The wettability of the PET film immediately after the exposure and after storage in air, which was determined by the sessile drop method, was strongly dependent on the plasma processing parameters. The contact angle hysteresis on the plasma-exposed PET film was examined by the Wilhelmy method. It was found that the hydrophobic recovery of the PET surface on storage after the plasma exposure was observed only for the advancing contact angle and that the receding angle remained almost the same. These experimental findings were explained on the basis of the calculation by Johnson and Dettre for the advancing and receding contact angles on model heterogeneous surfaces.

802. Gotoh, K., M. Tagawa, N. Ohmae, and M. Tagawa, “Wettability of polyimide films modified by exposure to atomic oxygen,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 2, K.L. Mittal, ed., 445-460, VSP, Dec 2000.

Wettability of polyimide (PI) films modified by atomic oxygen (AO) was investigated by contact angle measurements. The PI films with/without being covered by a metal mesh were exposed to the AO beam with fluences from 1.4x 1016 to 9x 1018 atoms/cm2. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the PI film surfaces. Both the roughness and the oxygen concentration at the PI surface increased by the AO exposure. The advancing and the receding contact angles of water on the PI films were measured both by the sessile drop method and by the Wilhelmy method. The contact angles measured by these two methods were identical for the PI samples both with/without AO exposures. In the case of the AO-exposed PI films being covered by the metal mesh, the contact angles were evaluated by the Wilhelmy method. A difference in contact angles on the exposed and the covered areas was clearly observed. It was also found that the wettability of the AO-exposed PI films was related to the amount of oxygen detected by the XPS.

2723. Gotoh, K., Y. Nagai, Y. Yonehara, and Y. Kobayashi, “Surface hydrophilization of two polyester films by atmospheric-pressure plasma and ultraviolet excimer light exposures,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 29, 473-486, (2015).

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) films were treated with an atmospheric-pressure plasma (APP) jet and a 172-nm ultraviolet (UV) excimer light in air. The advancing and receding water contact angles on both films decreased after the treatments, especially after APP treatment. After the treatments, the hydrophobic recovery was observed and almost diminished within a week. The dispersive component of the surface free energy of the two polyester films did not change due to the APP and UV exposure, whereas the acid–base component drastically increased after the treatments. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the polyester film surfaces were oxidized by the treatments. From the AFM images, the topographical change on the film surfaces due to the treatments was clearly observed. It was found that the APP treatment of the PET film prevented the deposition of particulate soils in air due to the decrease in the contact area between the film and the soil particle. Furthermore, the soil release in the aqueous solutions was promoted as a result of the hydrophilization of the polyester films due to the APP treatment.

2291. Gotoh, K., Y. Nakata, M. Tagawa, and M. Tagawa, “Wettability of ultraviolet excimer-exposed PE, PI, and PTFE films determined by the contact angle measurements,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 224, 165-173, (Aug 2003).

Effects of the exposure of ultraviolet (UV) excimer light on the physicochemical surface properties of polymer films were investigated by contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The UV light at wavelength of 172 nm was exposed to polyethylene (PE), polyimide (PI), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films in ambient air. The advancing and receding contact angles of water on the unexposed and UV-exposed films were determined by the sessile drop and the Wilhelmy methods as a measure of the wettability. For the PE and PI films, remarkable decrease in the water contact angle was accomplished by the UV exposure of several or several 10 s. The XPS data showed that such increase in the wettability was attributed to the increased atomic oxygen concentration at the film surfaces. The wettability of the PTFE film did not change due to the UV exposure. When the UV-exposed PE and PI films were stored in ambient air, the increase in the water contact angle, i.e. the hydrophobic recovery, was observed over a time scale of several days. It was suggested that the gasification of the low-molecular weight oxidized materials as well as the reorientation and the migration of polymer chains in the oxidized surface layer was responsible for the hydrophobic recovery in air. The UV exposure was also attempted to the PI film being covered with a metal mesh to prepare the film having both non-exposed and UV-exposed surface regions. The differences in the advancing and receding contact angles between the both regions were observed on the continuous weight recording at constant interfacial moving velocity by the Wilhelmy method. The Wilhelmy method in combination with the UV lithography technique enabled the simultaneous evaluation of the wettabilities of the treated and untreated surfaces.

2352. Gould, D.E., and L.A. Preli Jr., “Treating of plastic coated foils,” U.S. Patent 3257303, Jun 1966.

The present invention relates to the treating of plastic film materials and more particularly to a method and apparatus for improving the exposed surface adhesion qualities of films of plast'c such as polyethylene which have been applied to electrically conductive substrates such as metal foils.

1559. Grace, J., H.K. Zhuang, and L. Gerenser, “Importance of process conditions in polymer surface modification: a critical assessment,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 4, K.L. Mittal, ed., 3-24, VSP, May 2007.

Plasma web treatment is a common practice for promoting adhesion, wettability and other surface or interfacial properties in the conversion industry. While the objective of creating new surface functional groups is conceptually simple, it can be difficult to choose the most appropriate kind and configuration of plasma source, the most appropriate feed gas composition and the most appropriate operating pressure for a given application. Such difficulties arise from the variety of species that can be formed in the plasma and the variety of possible plasma-surface interactions that can occur. A brief review of the importance of various plasma parameters (eg, specific energy, species concentrations, and energy distributions) and an example relating nitrogen uptake in poly (ethylene-2, 6-naphthalate) to plasma diagnostic data in a low-radiofrequency capacitivelycoupled nitrogen plasma are presented. The importance of driving frequency and treatment configuration is discussed in detail. Uptake kinetics for samples treated at floating potential at low radiofrequency is compared with that for samples treated in the cathode sheath. Analysis of the treatment kinetics is based on a simple model of surface saturation. This approach can be used not only to compare practical treatment results as a function of process conditions, but also to compare different treatment techniques in a practical manner.

1115. Grace, J.M., Plasma Web Treatment, Society of Vacuum Coaters, Mar 2005.

2396. Grace, J.M., J. Chen, L.J. Gerenser, and D.A. Glocker, “Use of glow discharge treatment to promote adhesion of aqueous coatings to substrate,” U.S. Patent 5538841, Jul 1996.

The present invention is a polyester film base which has a surface approximately 5 nm thick. The surface of the film base has been altered to include about 6 to 15 atomic percent nitrogen in the form of imines, secondary amines and primary amines in the ratio of about 1:1:2. The invention also includes a film base whose surface includes oxygen in the form of hydroxyl, ether, epoxy, carbonyl or carboxyl groups wherein the oxygen is about 4 to 10 atomic percent above the original surface content of the base. The polyester film base can be either polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate.

2397. Grace, J.M., J. Chen, L.J. Gerenser, and D.A. Glocker, “Use of glow discharge treatment to promote adhesion of aqueous coatings to substrate,” U.S. Patent 5582921, Dec 1996.

The present invention is a polyester film base which has a surface approximately 5 nm thick. The surface of the film base has been altered to include about 6 to 15 atomic percent nitrogen in the form of imines, secondary amines and primary amines in the ratio of about 1:1:2. The invention also includes a film base whose surface includes oxygen in the form of hydroxyl, ether, epoxy, carbonyl or carboxyl groups wherein the oxygen is about 4 to 10 atomic percent above the original surface content of the base. The polyester film base can be either polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate.

2413. Grace, J.M., L.J. Gerenser, C.J. Landry-Coltrain, K.D. Sieber, et al, “High-efficiency plasma treatment of paper,” U.S. Patent 6565930, May 2003.

A method and apparatus are taught for treating paper webs for obtaining the proper surface characteristics to promote adhesion of nonphotosensitive coating materials and/or layers typically coated thereon. The web is passed through a high-voltage sheath region or dark space of the plasma generated by a powered electrode residing in a discharge zone. The frequency of the driving voltage must be above a lower bound dictated by the properties of the paper support and the plasma, and it must be below an upper bound beyond which the sheath voltages drop significantly and it is observed that the benefits of this approach diminish. The dark space is generated by a treatment electrode in a treatment zone. There is a counter electrode having a surface area in said treatment zone which is at least as great as the surface area of the treatment electrode. A power supply is included for driving the treatment electrode with an oscillating high voltage at a frequency less than about 2 MHz and greater than 1/tc where tc is the charging time of a web surface exposed to a rms ion current in the plasma.

1745. Grace, J.M., L.J. Gerenser, K.D. Sieber, et al, “High-efficiency plasma treatment of polyolefins,” U.S. Patent 6399159, 2002.

A method and apparatus are taught for treating polyolefin containing or polyolefin-coated webs or laminates for obtaining the proper surface characteristics to promote adhesion of photosensitive coating materials and/or layers typically coated thereon. The web is passed through a high-voltage sheath region or dark space of the plasma generated by a powered electrode residing in a discharge zone. The frequency of the driving voltage must be above a lower bound dictated by the properties of the paper support and the plasma, and it must be below an upper bound beyond which the sheath voltages drop significantly and it is observed that the benefits of this approach diminish. The dark space is generated by a treatment electrode in a treatment zone. There is a counter electrode having a surface area in said treatment zone which is at least as great as the surface area of the treatment electrode. A power supply is included for driving the treatment electrode with an oscillating high voltage at a frequency less than about 2 MHz and greater than 1/tc where tc is the charging time of a web surface exposed to a rms ion current in the plasma.

1746. Grace, J.M., and L.J. Gerenser, “Plasma treatment of polymers,” J. Dispersion Science and Technology, 24, 305-341, (2003).

Plasma treatment of polymers encompasses a variety of plasma technologies and polymeric materials for a wide range of applications and dates back to at least the 1960s. In this article we provide a brief review of the United States patent literature on plasma surface modification technologies and a brief review of the scientific literature on investigations of the effects of plasma treatment, the nature of the plasma environment, and the mechanisms that drive the plasma–surface interaction. We then discuss low‐radio‐frequency capacitively coupled nitrogen plasmas and their characteristics, suggesting that they provide significant plasma densities and populations of reactive species for effective plasma treatments on a variety of materials, particularly when placing the sample surface in the cathode sheath region. We further discuss surface chemical characterization of treated polymers, including some results on polyesters treated in capacitively coupled nitrogen plasmas driven at 40 kHz. Finally, we connect plasma characterization with surface chemical analysis by applying a surface sites model to nitrogen uptake of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) treated in a 40 kHz nitrogen plasma. This example serves to suggest an interesting practical approach to comparisons of plasma treatments. In addition, it suggests an approach to defining the investigations required to conclusively identify the underlying treatment mechanisms.

1569. Graham, W.G., “Plasma science and technology,” in Plasma Technologies for Textiles, R. Shishoo, ed., 1-24, Woodhead Publishing, Mar 2007.

1502. Grande, J.A., “Now plasma-treat the resin, not the molded part,” Plastics Technology, 52, 32-33, (Dec 2006).

1672. Granqvist, B., J. Jarnstrom, C.M. Tag, M. Jarn, and J.B. Rosenholm, “Acid-base properties of polymer-coated paper,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 21, 465-485, (2007).

The wetting behavior of a series of polymer-coated papers has been studied. Different ways of determining the acid–base properties of the polymers are presented. The well-known van Oss–Chaudhury–Good (vOCG) bi–bi polar model is compared with more simplified mono–bi polar and mono–mono polar models. The effect of surface roughness on the wetting was also studied with atomic force microscopy. The overall wetting of each probe liquid was evaluated by calculating the work of adhesion to the polymer surfaces. It is shown that ethylene glycol and water may be considered as mono polar liquids, which simplifies the original vOCG-model. It is also shown that in most cases the surface energy values are in the same range when using both the complex bi–bi polar approach and the simpler mono–mono polar approach. The different polymers used are found to be of a predominating basic character.

466. Grant, J.L., D.S. Dunn, and D.J. McClure, “Argon and oxygen sputter etching of polystyrene, polypropylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate) thin films,” J. Vacuum Science and Technology, A6, 2213-2220, (1988).

Surface chemical modification of polymer thin films induced by sputter etching was studied by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). The polymers studied were polystyrene, polypropylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Oxygen and argon sputter etching of these polymers causes surface oxidation and possibly crosslinking; trends in polymer oxidation can be correlated with the etchant gas, etch power, and initial material properties. For polystyrene and polypropylene, the predominant new functionalities formed are CDouble BondO and CSingle BondO groups; the breadth of the infrared absorption bands suggests that many different types of these groups exist. For PET, the predominant damage mechanism is crosslinking, with only a slight degree of oxidation resulting from oxygen sputter etching. This work suggests that the information provided by XPS and IRRAS is highly complimentary and will be useful in future studies of polymer functionalization and derivatization.

945. Gray, V.R., “Contact angles, their significance and measurement,” in S.C.I. Monograph #25 : Wetting, 99-119, S.C.I., 1966.

1213. Green, M.D., F.J. Guild, and R.D. Adams, “Characterisation and comparison of industrially pre-treated homopolymer polypropylene, HF135M,” Intl. J. Adhesion and Adhesives, 22, 81-90, (2002).

The effects of 13 pre-treatments were examined to determine their effect on the surface region of homopolymer polypropylene. Five of the pre-treatments were examined in detail due to excellent joint strengths. They were: corona discharge, flame, fluorination, low-pressure vacuum plasma and atmospheric plasma. The pre-treatments were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), angle resolved XPS (AR-XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), to determine surface chemistry and topography. Of the 13 pre-treatments examined, it was found that the first five all showed the highest surface chemical modification of the pre-treatments studied. It was identified that the surface chemistry, concentration depth and topography varied widely across the five pre-treatments. However, all have been shown to have similar bond strengths with polyurethane adhesives, indicating that a number of significant factors were responsible for bond strength. It is surmised that the depth of the functional group concentration is the determinant joint strength parameter and not the O : C ratio or surface roughness.

146. Greene, R., “High energy system prepares molded parts,” Modern Plastics, 68, 30-31, (Aug 1991).

1899. Greenwood, O.D., R.D. Boyd, J. Hopkins, and J.P.S. Badyal, “Atmospheric silent discharge versus low-pressure plasma treatment of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, and polystyrene,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 9, 311-326, (1995) (also in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, K.L. Mittal, ed., p. 17-32, VSP, May 1996).

Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, and polystyrene films have been exposed to high- and low-pressure non-equilibrium electrical air discharges. The modified surfaces have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Atmospheric silent discharge treatment causes a greater level of topographical disruption, whereas surface oxygenation is dependent on the chemical nature of the polymer substrate and its reactivity towards the electrical discharge medium. Oxygen incorporation occurs much more readily for the unsaturated polystyrene surface than for the saturated polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyisobutylene substrates.

1576. Greger, R., “Pre-treatment of plastics with low-pressure plasma prior to flocking,” Flock, 7, 107, (2002).

1174. Gregory, B.H., Extrusion Coating: A Process Manual, Trafford Publishing, May 2005.

467. Gregory, B.H., D. Michiels, and W.D. McIntyre, “Adhesion improvement by ozone treatment,” in 1982 Paper Synthetics Conference Proceedings, 167-172, TAPPI Press, 1982.

809. Greig, S., “Corona treatment - an update for running waterbased inks,” Flexible Packaging, 5, 36-39, (May 2003).

1346. Greig, S., “Web Treatment - Going Solventless,” Sherman Treaters Ltd., 2005.

995. Greig, S., P.B. Sherman, R. Pitman, and C. Barley, “Adhesion promoters: Corona flame and ozone - a technology update,” Presented at TAPPI Polymers, Laminations, & Coatings Conference Proceedings 2000, Aug 2000.

1114. Greig, S., and N. Jadon, “Corona, ozone and flame treaters for extrusion coating lines,” in 8th European Polymers, Films, Laminations and Extrusion Coatings Conference, TAPPI Press, May 2001.

1483. Greiveldinger, M., and M.E.R. Shanahan, “A critique of the mathematical coherence of acid-base interfacial free energy theory,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 215, 170-178, (1999).

Acid/base theory has, over the last decade or so, been developed to describe interfacial free energies, or tensions, in wetting theory. An approach put forward by van Oss and co-workers, involving van der Waals/Lifshitz and Lewis electron acceptor/donor contributions to surface/interfacial free energies, has often been employed. The present study considers use of this theory for evaluating surface data for various polymeric surfaces employing known, characterized liquid probes for obtaining contact angle data. Results are analyzed using extended matrix analyses, originally proposed for treating the dispersive/polar interpretation of wetting results, and good agreement with literature values is obtained. By “inverting” the system, i.e., by treating the known solids as probes and rederiving surface data for liquids, inconsistencies are found to arise. Results for wetting of the same polymers and mica, using a two-liquid system (n-octane/water), are exploited to attempt to rederive the surface characteristics of water. Again, serious incoherence is manifest. Despite the conceptual interest of acid/base theory, clearly the mathematical formulation is presently inadequate. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

2389. Gribbin, J.D., L. Bother, and P. Dinter, “Process for passing a hydrophobic substrate through a corona discharge zone and simultaneously introducing an adhesive promoting aerosol,” U.S. Patent 5271970, Dec 1993.

A polymeric sheet structure consists of an adhesion-promoting coating on at least one surface of the substrate. The adhesion-improving coating is produced by treating this substrate surface with an electrical corona discharge between high voltage electrodes and a grounded counter-electrode while simultaneously spraying an aerosol into the corona discharge zone. The aerosol contains, for example, an aqueous emulsion of thermoplastic and/or crosslinkable components as an adhesion-promoting agent.

936. Griese, E.W. Jr., “Surface energy and surface tension,” Cork Ind., Dec 1994.

937. Griese, E.W. Jr., “Surface energy & printing success,” Cork Ind., Feb 1995.

 

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