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ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography

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2586. Stobbe, B.D., “Question and Answer: Corona discharge surface treatment,” Plastics Decorating, 29, (Jul 2014).

3019. no author cited, “Why test inks cannot tell the full truth about surface free energy,” Kruss Application Report AR272, Jun 2014.

2899. Kanungo, M., S. Mettu, K.-Y. Law, and S. Daniel, “Effect of roughness geometry on wetting and dewetting of rough PDMS surfaces,” Langmuir, 30, 7358-7368, (Jun 2014).

Rough PDMS surfaces comprising 3 μm hemispherical bumps and cavities with pitches ranging from 4.5 to 96 μm have been fabricated by photolithographic and molding techniques. Their wetting and dewetting behavior with water was studied as model for print surfaces used in additive manufacturing and printed electronics. A smooth PDMS surface was studied as control. For a given pitch, both bumpy and cavity surfaces exhibit similar static contact angles, which increase as the roughness ratio increases. Notably, the observed water contact angles are shown to be consistently larger than the calculated Wenzel angles, attributable to the pinning of the water droplets into the metastable wetting states. Optical microscopy reveals that the contact lines on both the bumpy and cavity surfaces are distorted by the microtextures, pinning at the lead edges of the bumps and cavities. Vibration of the sessile droplets on the smooth, bumpy, and cavity PDMS surfaces results in the same contact angle, from 110°-124° to ∼91°. The results suggest that all three surfaces have the same stable wetting states after vibration and that water droplets pin in the smooth area of the rough PDMS surfaces. This conclusion is supported by visual inspection of the contact lines before and after vibration. The importance of pinning location rather than surface energy on the contact angle is discussed. The dewetting of the water droplet was studied by examining the receding motion of the contact line by evaporating the sessile droplets of a very dilute rhodamine dye solution on these surfaces. The results reveal that the contact line is dragged by the bumps as it recedes, whereas dragging is not visible on the smooth and the cavity surfaces. The drag created by the bumps toward the wetting and dewetting process is also visible in the velocity-dependent advancing and receding contact angle experiments.

1733. Jorda-Vilaplana, A., V. Fombuena, D. Garcia-Garcia, M.D. Samper, and L. Sanchez-Nacher, “Surface modification of polylactic acid (PLA) by air atmospheric plasma treatment,” European Polymer J., 58, 23-33, (Jun 2014).

The main objective of this experimental study is the validation of the technique of atmospheric plasma with the aim of improving the surface energy of the polylactic acid (PLA) for further adhesion uses. The wettability of PLA has been improved with the application of an atmospheric plasma surface treatment. This method provides good adhesion properties with the optimizing the process parameters in terms of the nozzle–substrate distance and sample advance rate. In order to achieve that goal, a new and environmentally friendly technology has been used which is based on the use of air atmospheric plasma. The effects of the surface treatment on this type of substrates have been analyzed. The macroscopic effects of the process parameters have been determined using contact angle measurements and subsequent surface free energy (SFE) calculation. In addition, the chemical changes at the topmost layers have been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Surface topography changes due to the plasma-acting mechanisms have been evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The obtained results show a remarkable increase in surface free energy from 37.1 mJm−2 up to values of 60 mJm−2 thus indicating the effectiveness of the air plasma treatment. The main advantage of this technology is that the industrial process is continuous, it is easy to establish in current production systems and it does not generate wastes.

2595. Clark, J., “The fundamentals of flame treatment for improving adhesion,” http://plasticsdecoratingblog.com/?p=470#more-470, May 2014.

2589. Leighty, J., “Light curable adhesives for automotive and electronic applications and the benefit of surface treatment,” Presented at RadTech 2014, May 2014.

2588. Idacavage, M.J., “Achieving adhesion to difficult metal and plastic substrates,” Presented at RadTech 2014, May 2014.

2040. Mancinelli, S., “Flame treatment technology for converting industry,” in 2014 PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, May 2014.

2846. Zhai, M., and G.B. McKenna, “Surface energy of a polyurethane as a function of film thickness,” Presented at ANTEC - The Plastics Conference, Apr 2014.

2591. Sabreen, S.R., “Gas-phase surface pretreatments for plastics adhesion,” Plastics Decorating, 31-34, (Apr 2014).

2587. Gilbertson, T.J., and M. Plantier, “Blame the corona treater - the truth about watt density, dyne levels, and adhesion,” Converting Quarterly, 4, 82-84, (Apr 2014).

810. Stepczynska, M., and M. Zenkiewicz, “Effects of corona treatment on the surface layer of polylactide,” Polimery, 59, 220-226, (Mar 2014).

The paper investigates the effect of corona discharge (CD) treatment on the properties of surface layer (SL) of polylactide (PLA) film. The modification of PLAwas carried out in the air and helium atmosphere and the results were compared on the basis of the assessment ofwettability, surface free energy (SFE) calculated using Owens-Wendt method aswell as the degree of oxidation (O/C) of the modified SL, determined by photoelectron spectroscopy.

2592. Gatenby, A., “CSC Scientific blog: How are consistency, surface tension, and viscosity different?,” https://www.cscscientific.com/csc-scientific-blog/how-are-consistency-surface-tension-and-viscosity-different, Feb 2014.

2596. Sabreen, S.R., “Q & A: Process solutions for adhesion bonding of nylon,” http://plasticsdecoratingblog.com/?p=430#more-430, Jan 2014.

2992. Fatyeyevah, K., A. Dahi, C. Chappey, D. Langevin, J.-M. Valleton, F. Poncin-Epaillard, and S. Marais, “Effect of cold plasma treatment on surface properties and gas permeability of polyimide films,” RSC Adavnces, Issue 59, (2014).

The surface functionalization of polyimide (Matrimid® 5218) films was carried out by cold plasma treatment with CF4, N2 and O2 gases using a radio frequency discharge and the optimum plasma conditions were evaluated by water contact angle measurements. The surface hydrophobicity of polyimide films was obtained after CF4 plasma treatment, while O2 and N2 plasma treatments contributed to the hydrophilic surface functionalization. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed the presence of CFx, amino or oxygen-containing groups attached to the polyimide film surface depending on the treatment gas. A strong influence of the used plasma gas on the film roughness was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. The influence of the surface modification on CO2, N2 and O2 gas permeation through the plasma treated films was evaluated. The permeation behaviour was characterized in terms of transport parameters, namely, coefficients of permeability, diffusion and solubility. The permeability coefficient of all plasma treated polyimide films for the studied gases (CO2, N2 and O2) was found to decrease following the order of increasing the kinetic molecular diameter of the penetrant gas. Besides, the selectivity coefficient was found to be significantly increased after the plasma treatments – αCO2/N2 was increased up to 36% and 98% for O2 and N2 plasma treated Matrimid® 5218 films, respectively. The relationship between the gas permeation behaviour and the surface modification of polymer film by cold plasma was discussed.

2727. Xiong, L., P. Chen, and Q. Zhou, “Adhesion promotion between PDMS and glass by oxygen plasma pre-treatment,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 28, 1046-1054, (2014).

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass are among the most widely used materials in biomedical and microfluidic applications. In this paper, oxygen plasma exposure was used to improve the adhesion properties of PDMS and glass. The effect of bonding quality parameters such as RF power, time of activation and oxygen flow was investigated. Bonding area and strength, two main indicators of bonding quality, were detected using manual peel and mechanical shear tests, respectively, to optimize the bonding parameters. It was observed that increase in activation time and RF power increased the bonding strength considerably. The oxygen flow had a slight influence in increasing the bonding strength. The application of this bond has also been demonstrated in PDMS–glass micropump, so this technique can be potentially applied for fabrication of PDMS–glass-based microfluidic and biomedical devices.

2726. Najarzadeh, Z., and A. Ajji, “A novel approach toward the effect of seal process parameters on final seal strength and microstructure of LLDPE,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 28, 1592-1609, (2014).

The optimization of heat-sealing process parameters, including time, temperature, and pressure, was performed on a monolayer linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) film. The seal properties examined for each process condition were: seal initiation temperature (Tsi), plateau initiation temperature (Tpi), final plateau temperature (Tpf), plateau seal strength (SSp), and failure mode. Increasing dwell time enhanced seal strength. However, it was found that the rate of this enhancement is different for each interval of dwell time. A narrow temperature plateau was observed for dwell times lower than 0.4 s and higher than 2 s, while in between a broad temperature window was observed. The pressure shows its influence up to the stage of wetting. And after providing the intimate contact between two film layers, additional increase in pressure does not enhance seal strength significantly. A 3D mapping of process safety zone was introduced for seal strength in the range of heat seal process variables for the very first time. The analysis of this 3D representation revealed that seal strength has a linear correlation with the square root of dwell time. In addition, the interfacial bond strength was shown to be proportional to the fraction of melted crystals. It was found that this fraction is determined by dwell time and temperature. Topography and morphology of surfaces after peeling revealed enlargement of fibrillar morphology to taller failure fracture complex shapes. Extensive roughness analysis on film surfaces after peeling found the much rougher surfaces after breakage of strong bonding.

2725. Weng, M., and Q. Shen, “Effect of liquid surface tension data on the validity and accuracy of solid surface tension components and parameters in the application of the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good approach,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 28, 2248-2268, (2014).

This paper studies the effects on valid domain of contact angles and error limits of solid surface tension components and parameters (SSTCPs)/square roots of SSTCPs (SQSSTCPs) from the changes in liquid surface tension components and parameters (LSTCPs) when applying the van OssChaudhuryGood (vOCG) approach. The results of maximum absolute errors and maximum relative errors (MREs) in SQSSTCPs/SSTCPs, induced by errors in LSTCPs or contact angles, show that most SQSSTCPs/SSTCPs can be evaluated at moderate accuracy from the lowest condition number liquid triplets, assuming that |Δθi| = 1° and  = 0.1 mN/m (i = 1, 2, 3, k = LW, +, −). This confirms the validity of the vOCG approach. The accuracy of each SQSSTSCP/SSTCP declines with increasing θi or decreasing parameter when θi > 0 or a critical value, provided the other two contact angles are kept fixed. This explains the underlying reasons for negative SQSSTCPs. At the scale proposed by vOCG, dimethyl sulphoxide is not suggested for use. Comparing with the MREs obtained at vOCG scale, considering the acidity of diiodomethane improves the accuracy of ; using the scales proposed by Lee and Shen do not affect the accuracy of SSTCPs, but using the scale proposed by Della Volpe et al. improves the accuracy of SSTCPs at low θ2 and θ3 while declines that at high ones. For a low , low surface tension apolar liquid is preferred for high accuracy. The dependence of the accuracy of SQSSTCPs/SSTCPs on contact angles suggests the importance of considering contact angle in accuracy evaluation.

2712. Tuominen, M., H. Teisala, M. Aromaa, M. Stepien, J.M. Makela, J.J. Saarinen, M. Toivakka, and J. Kuusipalo, “Creation of superhydrophilic surfaces of paper and board,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 28, 864-879, (2014).

Corona, flame, atmospheric plasma, and liquid flame spray (LFS) techniques were used to create highly hydrophilic surfaces for pigment-coated paper and board and machine-glossed paper. All the surface modification techniques were performed continuously in ambient atmosphere. The physical changes on the surfaces were characterized by field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), atomic force microscopy and Parker Print-Surf surface roughness. The chemical changes were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The superhydrophilic surfaces, i.e. contact angle of water (CAW) <10°, were created mainly by modifying the surface chemistry of the paper and board by argon plasma or SiO2 coating. The nano- and microscale roughness existing on paper and board surfaces enabled the creation of the superhydrophilic surfaces. Furthermore, the benefits and limitations of the surface modification techniques are discussed and compared. For example, the SiO2 coating maintained its extreme hydrophilicity for at least six months, whereas the CAW of argon plasma-treated surface increased to about 20° already in one day.

2704. Wang, X.-S., S.-W. Cui, L. Zhou, S.-H. Xu, Z.-W. Sun, and R.-Z. Zhu, “A generalized Young's equation for contact angles of droplets on homogeneous and rough substrates,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 28, 161-170, (2014).

Using Gibbs’ method of dividing surfaces, the contact angle of a drop on a flat homogeneous rough non-deformable solid substrate is investigated. For this system, a new generalized Young’s equation for the contact angle, including the influences of line tension and which valid for any dividing surface between liquid phase and vapor phase is derived. Under some assumptions, this generalized Young’s equation reduces to the Wenzel’s equation or Rosanov’s equation valid for the surface of tension.

2703. Williams, T.S., H. Yu, and R.F. Hicks, “Atmospheric pressure activation as a surface pre-treatment for the adhesive bonding of aluminum 2024,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 28, 653-674, (2014).

A low-temperature, atmospheric pressure helium and oxygen plasma has been used for the surface preparation of aluminum 2024 prior to adhesive bonding. The plasma converted the aluminum from a water contact angle (WCA) of 79° to down to 38° within 5 s of exposure, while sanding reduced the WCA to only 51°. Characterization of the aluminum surface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a decrease in carbon contamination from 70 to 36% and an increase in the oxygen content from 22 to 50% following plasma treatment. Similar trends were observed for sanded surfaces. Lap shear results demonstrated bond strengths of 30 ± 2 MPa for the sanded aluminum vs. 33 ± 1 MPa for plasma-treated aluminum, where sol gel and primer coatings were added to the surface preparation. Following seven days of aging, wedge crack extension tests revealed cohesive failure percentages of 86, 92, and 96% for sanded, plasma-treated, and sanded/plasma-treated aluminum, respectively. These results indicate that atmospheric pressure plasmas are an attractive alternative to acid treatment or abrasion techniques for surface preparation prior to bonding.

2530. Crutchley, E.B., Innovation Trends in Plastics Decoration and Surface Treatment: Decorative Effects on Moulded Plastics, Rapra Publishing, 2014.

1512. Fombuena, V., D. Garcia-Sanoguera, L. Sanchez-Nacher, R. Balart, and T. Boronat, “Optimization of atmospheric plasma treatment of LDPE films: Influence on adhesive properties and ageing behavior,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 28, 97-113, (2014).

One of the major disadvantages of low density polyethylene (LDPE) films is their poor adhesive properties. Therefore, LDPE films have been treated with atmospheric pressure air plasma in order to improve their surface properties. So as to simulate the possible conditions in an industrial process, the samples have been treated with two different sample distances (6 and 10 mm), and treatment rates between 100 and 1000 mm s−1. The different sample distances are the distance of the sample from the plasma source. The variation of the surface properties and adhesion characteristics of the films were investigated for different aging times after plasma exposure (up to 21 days) using contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy, weight loss measurements and shear test. Results show that the treatment increases the polar component polar component of the surface energy of the solid and these changes improve adhesive properties of the material. After the twenty-first day, the ageing process causes a decrease of wettability and adhesive properties of the LDPE films (up to 60%).

1397. Kusano, Y., “Atmospheric pressure plasma processing for polymer adhesion: A review,” J. Adhesion, 90, 755-777, (2014).

Atmospheric pressure plasma processing has attracted significant interests over decades due to its usefulness and a variety of applications. Adhesion improvement of polymer surfaces is among the most important applications of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment. Reflecting recent significant development of the atmospheric pressure plasma processing, this work presents its fundamental aspects, applications, and characterization techniques relevant to adhesion.

2893. Drelich, J.W., “Guidelines to measurement of reproducible contact angles using a sessile-drop technique,” Surface Innovations, 1, 248-254, (Dec 2013).

The current broad interest in wetting characterization of solid surfaces is driven by recent advances in the formulation of surfaces and coatings that are superhydrophobic, superhydrophilic, oleophobic, oleophilic and so on. Unfortunately, the contact angle data presented in many publications raise some concerns among the surface chemists and physicists who work with contact angle measurement techniques on a regular basis. In those articles, best practices are often ignored, and the data presented are limited to the static contact angles measured for small droplets, a few times smaller than typically recommended. The reported contact angles are neither advancing nor receding, and their reproducibility in different laboratories is therefore questionable. In this note, guidelines to measurements of reproducible and reliable advancing and receding contact angles are summarized.

2594. Sabreen, S.R., “Innovating inkjet technologies for plastic products,” http://www.plasticsdecorating.com/e-news/stories/121213/sabreen.shtml, Dec 2013.

2544. Kostov, K.G., T.M.C. Nishime, L.R.O. Hein, and A. Toth, “Study of polypropylene surface modification by air dielectric barrier discharge operated at two different frequencies,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 234, 60-66, (Nov 2013).

In this work, air dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) operating at the line frequency (60 Hz) or at frequency of 17 kHz was used to improve the wetting properties of polypropylene (PP). The changes in the surface hydrophilicity were investigated by contact angle measurements. The plasma-induced chemical modifications of PP surface were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The polymer surface morphology and roughness before and after the DBD treatment were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). To compare the plasma treatment effect at different frequencies the variation of the contact angle is presented as a function of the deposited energy density. The results show that both DBD treatments leaded to formation of water-soluble low molecular weight oxidized material (LMWOM), which agglomerated into small mounts on the surface producing a complex globular structure. However, the 60 Hz DBD process produced higher amount of LMWOM on the PP surface comparing to the 17 kHz plasma treatment with the same energy dose. The hydrophilic LMWOM is weakly bounded to the surface and can be easily removed by polar solvents. After washing the DBD-treated samples in de-ionized water their surface roughness and oxygen content were reduced and the PP partially recovered its original wetting characteristics. This suggested that oxidation also occurred at deeper and more permanent levels of the PP samples. Comparing both DBD processes the 17 kHz treatment was found to be more efficient in introducing oxygen moieties on the surface and also in improving the PP wetting properties.

2541. Kalapat, N., T. Amornsakchai, and T. Srikhirin, “Surface modification of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film using acrylic acid-corona treatment, part II: Long term aging surface properties,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 234, 67-75, (Nov 2013).

In this work particular attention has been paid to the aging behavior of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film surfaces modified with the acrylic acid (AAc) corona discharge treatment previously reported. Three different corona energies of 15.3, 38.2 and 76.4 kJ/m2 were studied. The surface properties of treated films during 90 days of aging were compared with those of normal air-corona treated films prepared with the same corona energies. The surface chemical compositions of aged films were analyzed by curve-fitting of the ATR-FTIR spectra. The wettabilities of all aged films were monitored by water contact angle and surface free energy measurements. The change of surface topology of air- and AAc-corona treated films was investigated at 1 day, 7 days and 90 days of aging using the technique. In addition, the surface adhesions of aged films were determined with the T-peeling test. The results showed that the amount of polar functional groups on the surface of aged films had changed. However, the aged films of the AAc-corona treated films still showed greater wettability than did the air-corona treated films and could retain high surface hydrophilicity for more than 90 days of aging under ambient condition. The surface topology of both types of aged films changed after aging from a globular structure to a flatter surface, due to mobility of the deposited polymer layer. The AAc-corona treated films showed rougher surfaces due to the influence of poly(acrylic acid) deposition and they could retain the improved surface wettability despite the change in surface topography. The adhesion peel forces of aged films decreased slightly due to the topological changes. A mechanism for the change in surface topography and in chemical functionality of each type of aged film is proposed.

3010. Davis, C., “Using excimer technology as an alternative surface treatment for highly sensitive, costly substrates,” Converting Quarterly, 13, 60-62, (Oct 2023).

2585. Sabreen, S.R., “Methods for adhesion bonding of polyphenylene sulfide,” Plastics Decorating, 32-38, (Oct 2013).

2476. Sabreen, S.R., “Gas-phase surface pretreatment for plastics adhesion,” http://plasticsdecorating.com/e-news/stories/091913/sabreen.shtml, Sep 2013.

2477. Gilbertson, T.J., “Extrusion bonding success improved with surface treating,” http://www.enerconind.com/treating/corona/tech-papers-articles/extrusion, Sep 2013.

2474. Mount, E.M. III, “Substrate secrets: Surface testing of a delamination,” http://www.convertingquarterly.com/blogs/substrate-secrets/id/6008/, Sep 2013.

2475. Gatenby, A., “CSC Scientific blog: What are the primary conditions affecting surface tension?,” https://www.cscscientific.com/csc-scientific-blog/what-are-the-primary-conditions-affecting-surface-tension, Sep 2013.

2593. Brodine, D., “Surface treatment is a challenge for decorators,” http://www.plasticsdecorating.com/stories/081613/surface-treatment..., Aug 2013.

2470. Sabreen, S.R., “Adhesion bonding of polyphenylene sulfide,” http://plasticsdecorating.com/e-news/stories/081513/sabreen.shtml, Aug 2013.

3025. Rouxhet, P.G., “Contact angles and surface energy of solids: Relevance and Limitations,” in Advances in Contact Angle, Wettabilty and Adhesion (Vol. 1), K.L. Mittal, ed., 347-375, Wiley, Jul 2013.

Different methods used to determine the surface energy of solids from the contact angles of different liquids were compared considering their theoretical background, and multicomponent approaches were applied to polymers and surface-treated polymers containing only C, H, O and N. These methods involve different approximations and give different results regarding surface energy, supporting the view that none of them provides absolute values having the accuracy expected for thermodynamic parameters and their use in computing quantities such as the work of adhesion and interfacial energy. Nevertheless they ranked the surface polarity in the same order, which was also the order simply provided by the water contact angle. A multivariate analysis of works of adhesion deduced from measured contact angles for a set of liquids on different solids may be a relevant alternative to deterministic approaches for ranking surfaces and deciphering the factors which govern their behavior. As the acid-base interactions are involved in surface energy and are due to specific chemical functions, the relationship between the water contact angle and the surface composition was examined, using surface-oxidized polypropylene as a model case. The cosine of the water contact angle was found to correlate with the “surface” oxygen concentration determined by XPS. However, this correlation may be misleading. Actually the surfaces showing the highest oxidation and the highest apparent hydrophilicity should be regarded as covered with a layer of adsorbed compounds, rather than belonging to a defined solid phase.

2471. Sabreen, S.R., “Plastics surface energy wetting test methods,” http://www.plasticsdecorating.com/?p=414#more-414, Jul 2013.

2468. Sabreen, S.R., “Innovative inkjet technologies for plastic products,” Plastics Decorating, 14-21, (Jul 2013).

2467. Brodine, D., “Surface treatment is a challenge for decorators,” Plastics Decorating, 29-30, (Jul 2013).

 

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