ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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871. Bierwagen, G.P., “Surface energetics,” in Paint and Coating Testing Manual, 14th Ed. of the Gardner-Sward Handbook, Koleske, J.V., ed., 369-382, ASTM, 1995.
808. Ringenbach, A., Y. Jugnet, and T.M. Duc, “Interfacial chemistry in Al and Cu metallization of untreated and plasma treated polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 9, 1209-1228, (1995) (also in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, K.L. Mittal, ed., p. 101-120, VSP, May 1996).
The growth of Cu and Al films thermally evaporated onto polyethylene (PE) and polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) surfaces is followed in situ by XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) and XAES (X-ray Auger Electron Spectroscopy) from the early submonolayer stages up to the completion of a metallic film. PE and PET surfaces were metallized first without any preliminary treatment. A second series of metallization experiments were run on the polymer surfaces but pretreated by a remote O2 microwave plasma (2.45 GHz). These metal films have also been investigated by AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) in air. Both metals are shown not to undergo chemical interaction with low surface energy polyolefin such as PE. While an abrupt interface is seen with A1, a diffusion of Cu into the bulk of the polymer is demonstrated. Large size clusters are evidenced by AFM in the initial steps of deposition. Cu and A1 are both shown to react with PET, but not in the same way. In the case of A1, the chemical interaction across the metal/polymer interface proceeds through an electron transfer from the metal toward the ester group O=C-O. With Cu, the chemical interaction is not so clearly evidenced and the Cu is found to diffuse into the PET. Oxygenated functionalities grafted by O2 plasma on PE and PET are C-O, C=O, O-C-O, O-C=O, and O2C=O. The roughness of the PE and PET surfaces is observed by AFM to increase with the plasma treatment. A metal-CO type complex is clearly observed with Al/treated PE and Cu/treated PET. No chemical interaction was observed at the Cu/treated PE interface.
606. Yoo, D., et al, “Layer-by-layer modification of surfaces through the use of self-assembled monolayers of polyions,” in ANTEC 95, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
594. Walzak, M.J., et al, “Characterization of PP and PET surfaces after exposure to UV light and/or ozone,” in ANTEC 95, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
593. Wallace, E. Jr., et al, “Contact angle titration and ESCA analysis of polyester surfaces modified by flame and corona treatment,” in ANTEC 95, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
590. Vetelino, K.A., et al, “A novel microsensor technique for polymer surface characterization,” in ANTEC 95, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
573. Sherman, P.B., “Surface preparation techniques,” in Decorating Div. ANTEC 1995, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
565. Seaman, R., “Surface preparation by corona discharge: clean, green, and cost-effective,” in Decorating Div. ANTEC 1995, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
549. Prinz, E., and F. Forster, “New trends in corona technology for high and stable adhesion,” in 1995 European Film, Extrusion Coating, and Coextrusion Symposium Proceedings, TAPPI Press, 1995.
505. Klemberg-Sapieha, J.E., et al, “Surface enhancement of polymers by low pressure plasma treatments,” in ANTEC 95, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
500. Kaplan, S.L., “Plasma pretreatment for the painting of plastics,” in Decorating Div. ANTEC 95, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
499. Kamusewitz, H., et al, “How do contact angles reflect adsorption phenomena?,” in ANTEC 95, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
491. Jalbert, C., et al, “The effects of end groups on surface and interface properties,” in ANTEC 95, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
451. DiGiacomo, J.D., “Flame plasma applications: surface preparation techniques,” in Decorating Div. ANTEC 1995, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
448. Davidson, R., “Gas phase modification of PP and PET surfaces,” in Decorating Div. ANTEC 1995, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
424. Blitshteyn, M., “Surface treatment of polyolefin parts with electrical discharge,” in Decorating Div. ANTEC, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
420. Bergbreiter, D.E., et al, “New approaches in polymer surface modification,” in ANTEC 95, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
818. Lunkwitz, K., W. Burger, U. Lappan, H.-J. Brink, and A. Ferse, “Surface modification of fluoropolymers,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 9, 297-310, (1995) (also in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, K.L. Mittal, ed., p. 349-362, VSP, May 1996).
COF groups are formed by electron irradiation of PTFE [poly(tetrafluoroethylene)] powders in air, especially at the surface and in near-surface regions which can be easily hydrolysed to carboxyl groups by air humidity. The application of special additives during irradiation leads to modified micropowders. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy enables the detection of carboxyl and COF groups. γ-Irradiation of PTFE mainly causes degradation of the polymer; the concentration of carboxyl groups is much lower. Carboxylated micropowders created via radiation treatment retain the essential properties of PTFE. With increasing radiation dose, the increasing concentration of functional groups in the micropowders causes an increase in the surface free energy. This diminishes the strong water and oil repellency of PTFE in such a way that homogeneous incorporation into aqueous and organic liquids or other polymers is possible. So, the special properties of PTFE can be made effective in these media. Modified PTFE micropowders have been successfully tested in many application areas. The aim of our present work was to increase the concentration and vary the nature of functional groups by radiation-chemical methods or chemical conversion of COF groups (polymer-analogous reactions). A highly modified PTFE powder was used to reduce the repellent properties of PTFE diaphragms for application in brine electrolysis. The COF groups of the micropowders were modified by γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The irradiation of FEP [poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene)] and PFA [poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoroalkylvinylether)] yields products which contain a higher content of carboxyl groups than PTFE.
812. Murahara, M., and K. Toyoda, “Excimer laser-induced photochemical modification and adhesion improvement of a fluororesin surface,” J.Adhesion Science and Technology, 9, 1601-1609, (1995) (also in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, K.L. Mittal, ed., p. 213-222, VSP, May 1996).
Modification of a selective area of a fluororesin surface was accomplished by using ArF excimer laser radiation and a boron complex with oleophilic or hydrophilic functional groups. The chemical stability of fluororesin is attributed to the presence of C-F bonds. The F atoms were abstracted by B atoms selectively from the area irradiated with excimer laser radiation and were replaced with the desired functional groups. In this modification, B(CH3)3 and B(OH)3 were used: a boron compound with methyl groups to generate an oleophilic surface, and one with hydroxyl groups to generate a hydrophilic surface. As a result, the resin surface exposed to ArF laser radiation becomes oleophilic or hydrophilic. Both samples were bonded to stainless steel plates with an epoxy bonding agent and the tensile shear strength was 1.2 x 107 Pa in both cases.
811. Zhang, J.-Y., H. Esrom, U. Kogelschatz, and G. Emig, “Modifications of polymers with UV excimer radiation from lasers,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 9, 1179-1218, (1995) (also in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, K.L. Mittal, ed., p.153-184, VSP, May 1996).
Photochemical dry etching and surface modification of various polymers, e.g. polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyimide (PI), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were investigated with coherent and incoherent excimer UV sources. Ablation rates of PMMA were measured as a function of laser fluence and laser pulse at the wavelength λ = 248 nm (KrF*). Decomposition and etch rates of PMMA and PI were determined as a function of UV intensity and exposure time at three different wavelengths λ = 172 nm (Xe*2), λ = 222 nm (KrCl*) and λ = 308 nm (XeCl*). The transmittance of the polymeric films was determined with a UV-spectrophotometer after different exposure times. The morphology of the exposed polymers was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The gaseous products occurring during UV exposure were measured using mass spectrometry (MS). Chemical surface changes of the photoetched PMMA were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mechanism of the photo-oxidation process of PMMA is discussed. The etching of PMMA can be explained as a result of extensive photo-oxidation. The results are compared with those obtained from mercury lamp and excimer laser experiments. Good adhesion of electrolessly deposited metal layers was achieved by irradiation of the polymeric surfaces from incoherent UV source before depositing the metal layer.
2770. Kilpadi, D.V., and J.E. Lemons, “Surface energy characterization of unalloyed titanium implants,” J. Biomedical Materials Research, 28, 1419-1425, (Dec 1994).
Osteointegration is dependent on a variety of biomechanical and biochemical factors. One factor is the wettability of an implant surface that is directly influenced by its surface energy. This investigation used the Zisman plot to determine critical surface energy. The effects of surface treatment, bulk grain size, and surface roughness on the critical surface tension of unalloyed titanium (Ti) were examined. Radio frequency glow discharge-treated Ti had the highest critical surface tension, followed by the passivated and heat-sterlized conditions. Titanium with no surface treatment had the lowest critical surface tension. The surface energy of Ti with an average grain size of 23 μm was not significantly different from that with a grain size of 70 μm. Surface roughness was shown to cause significant difference in measurements and definitely should be considered in studies of this kind. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.820281206
1078. Blitshteyn, M., B.C. McCarthy, and T.E. Sapielak, “Electrical surface treatment improves adhesive bonding,” Adhesives Age, 37, 20-23, (Dec 1994).
936. Griese, E.W. Jr., “Surface energy and surface tension,” Cork Ind., Dec 1994.
293. Podhajny, R.M., “Surface treating: how and how much,” Converting, 12, 36-42, (Dec 1994).
1680. Tsai, P.P.-Y., L. Wadsworth, P.D. Spence, and J.R. Roth, “Surface modifications of nonwoven webs using one atmosphere glow discharge plasma to improve web wettability and other textile properties,” in Proceedings of the 4th Annual TANDEC Conference on Meltblowing and Spunbonding Technology, TANDEC, Nov 1994.
406. no author cited, “Ceramic roller investment offers long-term savings,” Paper Film & Foil Converter, 68, 62, (Nov 1994).
349. Stobbe, B.D., “Treater operations require comparison of energy costs,” Paper Film & Foil Converter, 68, 60-61, (Nov 1994).
1951. Sutherland, I., E. Sheng, D.M. Brewis, and R.J. Heath, “Flame treatment and surface characterisation of rubber-modified polypropylene,” J. Adhesion, 44, 17-27, (Oct 1994).
949. Podhajny, R.M., “Converters consultant: How does dynamic surface tension affect ink printability?,” Converting, 12, 14, (Oct 1994).
339. Sherman, P.B., “Use of ozone can improve production environment,” Paper Film & Foil Converter, 68, 42-44, (Oct 1994).
301. Ranoia Alonso, M., “The royal treatment,” Package Printing, 41, 26-31, (Oct 1994).
2022. Matienzo, L.J., J.A. Zimmerman, and F.D. Egitto, “Surface modification of fluoropolymers with vacuum ultraviolet irradiation,” J. Vacuum Science and Technology A, 12, 2662-2671, (Sep 1994).
1950. Woods, D.W., P.J. Hine, R.A. Duckett, and I.M. Ward, “Effect of high modulus polyethylene fibre surface treatment on epoxy resin composite impact properties,” J. Adhesion, 45, 173-189, (Sep 1994).
1443. Badey, J.P., E. Espuche, Y. Jugnet, T.M. Duc, and B. Chabert, “Surface modification of PTFE by microwave plasma downstream treatment to improve adhesion with an epoxy matrix,” in Euradh '94 Conference Proceedings, 386-389, Sep 1994.
946. Cox, E.O., “Should water or UV be in your clean air future?,” Flexo, 19, 12-16, (Sep 1994).
633. Ellul, M.D., and D.R. Hazleton, “Chemical surface treatments of natural rubber and EDPM thermoplastic elastomers: effects on friction and adhesion,” Rubber and Chemical Technology, 67, 582-601, (Sep 1994).
Natural rubber thermoplastic elastomers (NRTPEs) made by dynamic vulcanization of natural rubber during its mixing with polypropylene were subjected to various halogenation surface treatments. Marked reduction in the coefficient of friction is possible depending on the chemical treatment employed, TPE composition and the presence of a lubricant. As a result of halogenation there is an increase in the microroughness and hardness of the NRTPE surface. These effects in part explain the large decrease in the friction coefficients since the contact area is decreased. Thus NRTPE can be employed in applications requiring low friction, such as certain types of seals. Another consequence of halogenation of NRTPE is the increase in its surface energy which in turn promotes adhesion to various polar substrates. Indeed it was determined that halogenation of NETPE is an effective way of priming the surface of these materials for adhesion to acrylic and other substrates. Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer rubber-Polypropylene thermoplastic elastomers (EPTPEs) were used as a control in this study to assess how a low unsaturation EPDM-based TPE compares with the high unsaturation NRTPEs in different halogenation surface treatments.
389. Wool, R.P., Polymer Interfaces: Structure and Strength, Hanser Gardner, Sep 1994.
338. Sherman, P.B., S. Greig, and E.H. Gray, “Adhesion promoters in the manufacture of self-adhesive materials,” in 1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 201-210, TAPPI Press, Sep 1994.
231. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment: an overview,” in 1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 159-188, TAPPI Press, Sep 1994.
With the advent of readily available nonpaper substrates (plastics and foils) in the mid-to-late 1950’s, the requirement for a reliable production speed surface treatment process became apparent. Several different technologies have been tried, but one, corona treatment, has become, by far, the primary surface treatment technology used across the Extrusion and Converting Industries. We will touch on these various technologies, technically describe the need for surface treatment and how it is measured, trace the development of corona treatment as the leading surface treatment method, and detail the current state-of-the-art in equipment, control parameters and applications.
205. Kuusipalo, J., and A. Savolainen, “Ozone, generated at corona treater, as an adhesion promoter in extrusion coating,” in 1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 325-333, TAPPI Press, Aug 1994 (also in TAPPI J., Vol. 77, p.162-166 (Dec 1994)).
The trials documented in this paper were run on a pilot coextrusion coating line at the Tampere University of Technology's Institute of Paper Converting in Finland. The study was conducted to test the ozonization system that was installed in our pilot line to treat the polymer melt in extrusion coating. The effect of the ozone, generated at the corona treater, on adhesion was studied. Ozone was first captured and transported to the nip with separate pipes. It was then led to an air knife near the air gap and blown against the polymer melt. The measured adhesion showed the usefulness of this technique. The following parameters were varied to determine the effectiveness of the ozone: substrate, line speed, coating weight, and melt temperature. Results indicated that thicker coating weights and higher melt temperatures improved adhesion values. The corona-generated ozone clearly improved adhesion compared to corona-treated or untreated samples.
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