ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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1128. Laurens, P., S. Petit, P. Bertrand, and F. Arefi-Khonsari, “PET surface after plasma or laser treatment:Study of the chemical modifications and adhesive properties,” in Plasma Processes and Polymers, d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, C. Oehr, and M.R. Wertheimer, eds, 253-270, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
The chemical modifications induced on PET by an excimer laser radiation or a lowpressure plasma were studied by XPS and Tof SIMS analyses. Both treatments induced surface oxidation but differences related to the type of oxidized groups and the level of degradation of the treated surface were evidenced. Both treatments can significantly enhance the adhesion but the surface change responsible for the improvement was different for each pretreatment.
1127. Tyczkowski, J., I. Krawczyk, and B. Wozniak, “Plasma-surface modification of styrene-butadiene elastomers for improved adhesion,” in Plasma Processes and Polymers, d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, C. Oehr, and M.R. Wertheimer, eds., 233-252, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
An attempt to replace a wet-chemical surface modification of styrene-butadiene elastomers (SBS), improving their adhesion to polyurethane adhesives, with a clean low-pressure plasma technique has been undertaken. The plasma has been generated by an RF discharge (13.56 MHz, plate electrode reactor) in various reactive mixtures (eg CHCl3, CCl4, CO2, O2) to create chlorine (C–Cl) and oxygen (> C= O,–OH,–COOH) functionalities on the elastomer surfaces. T-peel tests, contact-angle measurements, and FTIR spectroscopy have been utilized to investigate the surfaces. It has been found that an important role in the plasma-improved adhesion is played by the chemical interaction between the modified SBS surfaces and polyurethanes. The peel strength for plasma-treated samples in many cases is much higher than that for the wetchemical modification. It clearly indicates that the plasma treatment is a very promising method of improving the adhesion properties of SBS
1126. Suchaneck, G., M. Guenther, G. Gerlach, K. Sahre, K.-J. Eichhorn, B.Wolf, “Ion-induced chemical and structural modification of polymer surfaces,” in Plasma Processes and Polymers, d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, C. Oehr, and M.R. Wertheimer, eds., 205-222, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
Thin polymer films were irradiated with boron ions with energies from 50 to 180 keV and irradiation doses between 1013 and 1016 B+/cm2. For comparison, plasma modification was performed in NH3 and N2O low-pressure gas discharges. A complex investigation of chemical changes in the surface regions was carried out using attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Optical properties were probed by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Hardness and elastic modulus profiles have been measured by a depth-sensing low-load indentation technique. Additionally, the surface and bulk conductivities of modified polymer films were determined. It could be shown that the increase of ion fluence leads to a partial destruction of the imide, aromatic and sulfone groups. The effective modification depth estimated from the hardness, Young’s modulus and refractive index depth profiles was 250–300 nm at an ion energy of 50 keV and 400–450 nm at an ion energy of 180 keV. In the case of low-pressure plasma treatment, the chemical modification of the polymer bulk extends only a few monolayers and is determined by the electronicprocess-related linear energy transfer (LET). The destruction of chemical bonds under ion bombardment leads to the formation of new amorphous and graphitelike structures, which increase the modified surface film conductivity, the optical absorption index, the density, and the sensitivity of these polymer films to moisture uptake, and decrease the refractive index anisotropy and the Freundlich’s coefficient of the moisture-uptake behavior.
1125. Ortiz-Magan, A.B., M.M. Pastor-Blas, and J.M. Martin-Martinez, “Different performance of Ar, O2, and CO2 RF plasmas in the adhesion of thermoplastic rubber to polyurethane adhesive,” in Plasma Processes and Polymers, d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, C. Oehr, and M.R. Wertheimer, eds., 177-192, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
In this study, an unvulcanized (thermoplastic) block styrene-butadiene-styrene rubber S0 was treated with argon, oxygen and carbon dioxide plasmas and the surface modifications produced were analyzed. The Ar, CO2 and O2 plasma treatments produced an increase in peel-strength values of S0 rubber/polyurethane adhesive joints due to improved wettability, chemical and morphological modifications. Ar plasma created polar moieties on the S0 rubber surface and a consequent increase of the polar component of the surface energy. On the other hand, CO2 and O2 plasma treatments produced ablation of the oxidized outermost S0 rubber surface. Short plasma treatment times are enough to produce adequate T-peel-strength values and a cohesive failure was obtained in the joint produced with S0 rubber treated with CO2 plasma for 1 min. The increase in the length of treatment or the treatment with the other plasmas did not affect the peelstrength values but different loci of failure in the adhesive joints were obtained.
1124. Pascu, M., D. Debarnot, S. Durand, and F. Poncin-Epaillard, “Surface modification of PVDF by microwave plasma treatment for electroless metallization,” in Plasma Processes and Polymers, d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, C. Oehr, and M.R. Wertheimer, eds., 157-176, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
Piezoelectric and nonpiezoelectric films of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) have been treated in a microwave nitrogen and hydrogen plasma. Plasma parameters, eg ratio between N2 and H2, plasma power, gas flow rate, and the distance between the sample and the plasma have been varied in order to establish the treatment parameters that constitute a good compromise between an optimum functionalization and a minimum degradation. Under this treatment, the surface properties of PVDF have been modified in a controlled manner, allowing its metallization, necessary in a wide range of applications, without significantly changing its bulk properties.
1123. Martinez-Garcia, A., A. Segura-Domingo, A. Sanchez-Reche, and S. Gisbert-Soler, “Treatment of flexible polyethylene with low-pressure plasma to improve its painting properties,” in Plasma Processes and Polymers, d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, C. Oehr, and M.R. Wertheimer, eds., 143-156, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
Low-pressure plasma was selected as a surface treatment to improve the painting properties of elastomeric polyethylene (PE). Several experimental variables in the low-pressure synthetic air plasma treatment were considered: time of the treatment, plasma power and pressure inside the chamber. The durability of the treatment effects was also studied. Contact-angle measurements (water, 25 C) showed an increase in the wettability of elastomeric PE after treatment with plasma, which corresponds to an increase in the O/C ratio on the treated surface. In fact, different oxygen-containing groups were created on the PE surface. The more intense and longer the plasma treatment, the greater the degree of surface oxidation, up to a certain value. The painting properties of the material were evaluated by joints produced with as-received and treated elastomeric PE and an acrylic paint and using T-peel tests. Peel strength values increased after low-pressure plasma treatment, especially after the first 3 s of treatment with a power of 200 W; and an adhesion failure between the paint and the adhesive tape was obtained. This failure was maintained during four hours after the treatment. For longer treatment times the paint does not adhere to the material, the peel-strength values decrease and the contact angles increase, indicating that the effects of the surface modifications are not maintained.
1122. Tserepi, A., P. Bayiati, E. Gogolides, K. Misiakos, and C. Cardinaud, “Deposition of fluorocarbon films on Al and SiO2 surfaces in high-density fluorocarbon plasmas:Selectivity and surface wettability,” in Plasma Processes and Polymers, d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, C. Oehr, and M.R. Wertheimer, eds., 51-64, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
The present work focuses on the deposition of fluorocarbon (FC) films on aluminum and SiO2 surfaces, and addresses the issue of selective deposition on Al versus SiO2 in order to obtain surfaces of distinctly different wettability. If this is achieved, hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterning of substrates would be feasible by means of a self-aligned and relatively simple method. The selectivity of the deposition is optimized through proper selection of the deposition conditions, mainly gas-mixture composition and deposition time, and is demonstrated by means of contact-angle measurements on Al and SiO2 surfaces. Chemical (XPS) analysis of the FC films deposited under various conditions is also performed and correlated with the wettability of the plasma-modified Al surfaces.
1121. Sciarratta, V., D. Hegemann, M. Muller, U. Vohrer, and C. Oehr, “Upscaling of plasma processes for carboxyl functionalization,” in Plasma Processes and Polymers, d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, C. Oehr, and M.R. Wertheimer, eds., 39-64, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
1120. d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, C. Oehr, and M.R. Wertheimer, Plasma Processes and Polymers, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
1106. Yasuda, H., Luminous Chemical Vapor Deposition and Interface, Marcel Dekker, 2005.
902. Rentzhog, M., and A. Fogden, “Rheology and surface tension of water-based flexographic inks and implications for wetting of PE-coated board,” Nordic Pulp & Paper Research J., 20, 399-409, (2005).
This study systematically characterises a matrix of water-based flexographic inks with respect to their rheology, surface tension and wetting of liquid packaging board, to provide a basis for interpretation and prediction of their printing performance. For all pigment and acrylate polymer vehicles and mixing proportions the inks were shown to be shear thinning and thixotropic, with plastic viscosity, yield stress and storage and loss moduli increasing strongly with content of solution polymer (at comparable solids contents). The solution polymer decreases the static surface tension of the inks, but generally leads to an increase in their equilibrium drop contact angle on the polyethylene- (PE-) coated board due to increase in the ink-board interfacial energy. The solution polymer also decreases the drop spreading rate, and a simple model is tested to express the spreading dynamics in terms of equilibrium contact angle and a rate parameter given by the effective ratio of surface tension to viscosity.
1529. Zhi, F., Q. Yuchang, and W. Hui, “Surface treatment of polyethylene terephthalate film using atmospheric pressure glow discharge in air,” Plasma Science and Technology, 6, 2576-2580, (Dec 2004).
Non-thermal plasmas under atmospheric pressure are of great interest in polymer surface processing because of their convenience, effectiveness and low cost. In this paper, the treatment of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film surface for improving hydrophilicity using the non-thermal plasma generated by atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) in air is conducted. The discharge characteristics of APGD are shown by measurement of their electrical discharge parameters and observation of light-emission phenomena, and the surface properties of PET before and after the APGD treatment are studied using contact angle measurement, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEh4). It is found that the APGD is homogeneous and stable in the whole gas gap, which differs from the commonly filamentary dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). -4 short time (several seconds) APGD treatment can modify the surface characteristics of PET film markedly and uniformly. After 10 s APGD treatment, the surface oxygen content of PET surface increases to 39%, and the water contact angle decreases to 19°, respectively.
1540. Laroussi, M., K.H. Schoenbach, U. Kogelschatz, R.J. Vidmar, S. Kuo, et al, “Current applications of atmospheric pressure air plasmas,” in Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure, K.H. Becker, U. Kogelschatz, K.H. Schoenbach, and R.J. Barker, eds., 537-678, Institute of Physics, Nov 2004.
1539. Kogelschatz, U., Y.S. Akishev, K.H. Becker, E.E. Kunhart, M. Kogoma, et al, “DC and low frequency air plasma sources,” in Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure, K.H. Becker, U. Kogelschatz, K.H. Schoenbach, and R.J. Barker, eds., 276-361, Institute of Physics, Nov 2004.
1538. Becker, K.H., M. Schmidt, A.A. Viggiano, R. Dressler, and S. Williams, “Air plasma chemistry,” in Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure, K.H. Becker, U. Kogelschatz, K.H. Schoenbach, and R.J. Barker, eds., 124-182, Institute of Physics, Nov 2004.
1537. Kogelschatz, U., Y.S. Akishev, and A.P. Napartovich, “History of non-equilibrium air discharges,” in Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure, K.H. Becker, U. Kogelschatz, K.H. Schoenbach, and R.J. Barker, eds., 17-75, Institute of Physics, Nov 2004.
1536. Becker, K.H., U. Kogelschatz, K.H. Schoenbach, and R.J. Barker, eds., Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure, Institute of Physics, Nov 2004.
1468. Lahti, J. A. Savolainen, J.P. Rasanen, T. Suominen, and H. Huhtinen, “The role of surface modification in digital printing on polymer-coated packaging board,” Polymer Engineering and Science, 44, 2052-2060, (Nov 2004).
Digital printing is increasingly being used for package printing. One of the major techniques of digital printing is dry-toner electrophotography. This paper evaluates the printability of three different extrusion coatings used for packaging boards: low-density polyethylene (PE-LD), ethylene methyl acrylate (E/MA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Extrusion coatings in general have an impervious, chemically inert, nonporous surface with low surface energies that cause them to be non-receptive to bonding with toners. The most common methods used in improving the adhesion properties of polymer coatings are different surface treatments. These increase the surface energy and also provide the polar molecular groups necessary for good bonds between the toner and polymer molecules. The polymer coatings have been modified with electrical corona discharge treatment. The effects of corona on polymer surfaces and the correlation between surface modification and print quality have been evaluated. Results show that sufficiently high surface energy and surface-charge uniformity are necessary for even print quality and toner adhesion. E/MA and PET have the required surface-energy level without the corona treatment, but PE-LD needs surface modification in order to succeed in the electrophotographic process. E/MA also has exceptional surface-charge properties compared with PET and PE-LD. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2052–2060, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
1269. Guimond, S., and M.R. Wertheimer, “Surface degradation and hydrophobic recovery of polyolefins treated by air corona and nitrogen atmospheric pressure glow discharge,” J. Applied Polymer Science, 94, 1291-1303, (Nov 2004).
The surface degradation and production of low molecular weight oxidized materials (LMWOM) on biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films was investigated and compared for two different dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) treatment types, namely air corona and nitrogen atmospheric pressure glow discharge (N2 APGD). Contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses were performed in conjunction with rinsing the treated films in water. It is shown that N2 APGD treatments of both polyolefins result in much less surface degradation, therefore, allowing for a significantly higher degree of functionalization and better wettability. Hydrophobic recovery of the treated films has also been studied by monitoring their surface energy (γs) over a period of time extending up to several months after treatment. Following both surface modification techniques, the treated polyolefin films were both found to undergo hydrophobic recovery; however, for N2 APGD modified surfaces, γs ceases to decrease after a few days and attains a higher stable value than in the case of air corona treated films. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1291–1303, 2004
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/app.21134
2516. Inagaki, N., K. Narushima, N. Tuchida, and K. Miyazaki, “Surface characterization of plasma-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) film surfaces,” J. Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 42, 3727-3740, (Oct 2004).
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film surfaces were modified by argon (Ar), oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), and ammonia (NH3) plasmas, and the plasma-modified PET surfaces were investigated with scanning probe microscopy, contact-angle measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the surfaces. The exposure of the PET film surfaces to the plasmas led to the etching process on the surfaces and to changes in the topography of the surfaces. The etching rate and surface roughness were closely related to what kind of plasma was used and how high the radio frequency (RF) power was that was input into the plasmas. The etching rate was in the order of O2 plasma > H2 plasma > N2 plasma > Ar plasma > NH3 plasma, and the surface roughness was in the order of NH3 plasma > N2 plasma > H2 plasma > Ar plasma > O2 plasma. Heavy etching reactions did not always lead to large increases in the surface roughness. The plasmas also led to changes in the surface properties of the PET surfaces from hydrophobic to hydrophilic; and the contact angle of water on the surfaces decreased. Modification reactions occurring on the PET surfaces depended on what plasma had been used for the modification. The O2, Ar, H2, and N2 plasmas modified mainly CH2 or phenyl rings rather than ester groups in the PET polymer chains to form CO groups. On the other hand, the NH3 plasma modified ester groups to form CO groups. Aging effects of the plasma-modified PET film surfaces continued as long as 15 days after the modification was finished. The aging effects were related to the movement of CO groups in ester residues toward the topmost layer and to the movement of CO groups away from the topmost layer. Such movement of the CO groups could occur within at least 3 nm from the surface. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3727–3740, 2004
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/polb.20234
2071. Hozumi, A., H. Inagaki, and T. Kameyama, “The hydrophilization of polystyrene substrates by 172-nm vacuum ultraviolet light,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 278, 383-392, (Oct 2004).
This paper describes the photochemical surface modification of polystyrene (PS) substrates using vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light 172 nm in wavelength. We have particularly focused on the effects of atmospheric pressure during VUV irradiation on the obtained surface's wettability and the stability of the wettability, in addition to its chemical structure, morphology, and photooxidation rate. Samples were photoirradiated with VUV light under pressures of 10, 10(3), or 10(5) Pa. Although, in each case, the originally hydrophobic PS surface became highly hydrophilic, the final water-contact angle and photooxidation rate depended on the atmospheric pressure. The samples treated at 10 Pa were less wettable than those prepared at 10(3) and 10(5) Pa due to the shortage of oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. The minimum water-contact angles of the samples treated at 10, 10(3), and 10(5) Pa were about 8 degrees, 0 degrees, and 0 degrees, respectively. With the samples prepared at 10 and 10(3) Pa, photooxidation reactions proceeded in the topmost region closest to the surface, while at 10(5) Pa photooxidation was found to be greatly enhanced in the deeper regions, as evidenced by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photoetching rates were determined through atomic force microscope observation of microstructured PS samples prepared by a simple mesh-contact method. As estimated from AFM images of the latticed microstructures obtained, the rates of samples prepared at 10(3) and 10(5) Pa were about 1.5 and 1.3 nm/min, respectively. However, no photoetched features were observable on the sample surface prepared at 10 Pa. Hydrophilic stability also varied greatly depending on atmospheric pressure. The hydrophilicity of samples treated at 10 and 10(3) Pa gradually decreased as they were exposed to air. On the other hand, the sample surface prepared at 10(5) Pa showed excellent hydrophilicity even after being left in air for 30 days.
1116. Schoff, C.K., “Coatings clinic: Wetting and wettability,” JCT CoatingsTech, 1, 108, (Oct 2004).
1108. Mount, E.M. III, “Review of metallized film adhesion testing: Test methods and interpretation of results,” Presented at 2004 AIMCAL Fall Technical Conference, Oct 2004.
1107. Markgraf, D.A., “The treatment of thinner substrates,” Presented at 2004 AIMCAL Fall Technical Conference, Oct 2004.
2529. Truica-Marasescu, F., P. Jedrzejowski, and M.R. Wertheimer, “Hydrophobic recovery of vacuum ultraviolet irradiated polyolefin surfaces,” Plasma Processes and Polymers, 1, 153-163, (Sep 2004).
Film samples of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and biaxially oriented poly(propylene) (BOPP) were surface modified by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation using a Kr resonant lamp at λ = 123.6 nm in low-pressure ammonia gas, and were then stored in air. The time-dependence of the surface properties was monitored using several complementary surface-sensitive techniques such as contact angle goniometry (CAG), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS), which allows one to determine the surface energy, and chemical composition at different depths. The relative importance of four possible mechanisms involved in surface hydrophobic recovery is discussed, and we show that in our particular case the main mechanism is rotational and/or translational motion of polymer chains and chain segments. This restructuring determines the observed “loss” of functional groups, which occurs within the first few monolayers of the surface (∼1 nm), as shown by the ToF-SIMS results, and which leads to the observed decrease in the surface energy. In the deeper surface regions (∼10 nm) long-lived radicals react with oxygen and water vapor upon exposure to the atmosphere, leading to an increase in the concentration of bound oxygen, as observed by XPS. Finally, CAG measurements show that the hydrophobic recovery is reversible and can be significantly reduced by cross-linking near the surface, as illustrated by depth sensing nano-indentation measurements on BOPP surfaces.
2460. Sutton, S.P., “Capillary devices for determination of surface characteristics can contact angles and methods for using same,” U.S. Patent Application 20040187565, Sep 2004.
Devices are presented which allow determination of unknown surface properties through the creation of a channel capillary, comprised in part of the subject surface or surfaces, and measurement of the capillary pressure created by a test fluid within the resultant channel. In various embodiments of the invention, a channel is created in a reference material which is bonded, through some mechanism, to the test surface in order to create a narrow capillary channel. In other embodiments of the invention, the capillary channel is created with test surfaces on either side of standoff strips which space the surfaces a precise distance from one another. Methods are presented for using these capillaries through immersion, along their length, in a bath of test fluid, such that the resultant fluid level provides a measure of capillary pressure. Being, in part, a consequence of the contact angle between the test fluid and the surface or surfaces under consideration, the capillary pressure is a convenient measure of surface properties inherently related to printability, affinity for adhesives, surface contamination by foreign substances, surface roughness, and the like. Devices are presented which allow measurement of test fluid height within the capillary, both in situations where a static equilibrium is achieved, and in situations where a dynamic contact angle is operative as the fluid rises or falls within the capillary.
2068. Guruvenket, S., G. Mohan Rao, M. Komath, and A.M. Raichur, “Plasma surface modification of polystyrene and polyethylene,” Applied Surface Science, 236, 278-284, (Sep 2004).
Polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) samples were treated with argon and oxygen plasmas. Microwave electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) was used to generate the argon and oxygen plasmas and these plasmas were used to modify the surface of the polymers. The samples were processed at different microwave powers and treatment time and the surface modification of the polymer was evaluated by measuring the water contact angle of the samples before and after the modification. Decrease in the contact angle was observed with the increase in the microwave power for both polystyrene and polyethylene. Plasma parameters were assessed using Langmuir probe measurements. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the evidence for the induction of oxygen-based functional groups in both polyethylene and polystyrene when treated with the oxygen plasma. Argon treatment of the polymers showed improvement in the wettability which is attributed to the process called as CASING, on the other hand the oxygen plasma treatment of the polymers showed surface functionalization. Correlation between the plasma parameters and the surface modification of the polymer is also discussed.
1224. Kovalchuk, V.I., E.K. Zholkovskiy, M.P. Bondarenko, and D. Vollhardt, “Ion redistribution near the polar groups in the Langmuir wetting process,” J. Adhesion, 80, 851-870, (Sep 2004).
The theoretical analysis of electrostatic interactions and ion redistribution in the close vicinity of the three-phase contact line shows their important role in the Langmuir wetting process. To provide a sufficient rate for the ion transfer, which is intended to neutralize the interfacial charge, the concentration and potential distributions deviate from the equilibrium. As a consequence, during the deposition process the adhesion work, and hence the contact angle, are defined by the local ionic concentrations near the three-phase contact line. The concentration profiles and the electro-diffusion ion fluxes induced during the Langmuir wetting process are strongly dependent on the subphase composition and on the monolayer properties. The results of the analysis are in a good agreement with the experiments.
1105. Schubert, G., and O. Plassmann, “Shedding a new light on corona-treated alu-foil,” in 2004 PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Sep 2004.
1104. Markgraf, D.A., “Analysis of new flame treatment technology for surface modification and adhesion promotion,” in 2004 PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Sep 2004.
1103. Eckert, W., “Corona- and flame treatment of polymer film, foil and paperboard,” in 2004 PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Sep 2004.
1101. Blake, T.D., R.A. Dobson, and K.J. Ruschak, “Wetting at high capillary numbers,” Presented at 12th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, Sep 2004.
1100. McLaughlin, J.B., S.S. Suppiah, N. Moumen, and R.S. Subramanian, “Modeling of drop motion on solid surfaces with wettability gradients,” Presented at 12th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, Sep 2004.
1094. Sancaktar, E., and N. Sunthonpagasit, “Surface modification of polypropylene for improved adhesion,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 3, K.L. Mittal, ed., 285-324, VSP, Sep 2004.
The objectives of this work were to identify, develop and compare methods for opti-mized welding of polypropylene using the ultrasonic method. The methods considered include: modification of surface polarity by grafting monomers onto polypropylene backbone, thermal and chemical surface pretreatments and surface pretreatment by excimer laser ablation. The weld joint tensile strength was chosen as the optimization criterion for ultrasonic welding. The thermal properties and weld morphology obtained using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively, were correlated to weld strength. It was determined that proper surface modification improved material weldability. The results suggest that increased polarity and roughness and decreased melting temperature and heat of melting increase the weld strength.
1093. Zeng, J., and A.N. Netravali, “KrF excimer laser surface modification of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers for improved adhesion to epoxy resins,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 3, K.L. Mittal, ed., 159-182, VSP, Sep 2004.
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were treated using pulsed KrF (248 nm) excimer laser in air and in diethylenetriamine (DETA), to improve their adhesion to epoxy resin. The effects of fluence, number of pulses and the treatment environment were explored. Topographical and chemical changes on the fiber surface were characterized using several techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic wettability measurements. SEM micrographs and AFM images revealed that the surface roughness of fibers increased after the laser treatment and was a function of the fluence (energy density) of the laser beam and number of pulses. The XPS data indicated that oxygen and nitrogen were incorporated on the fiber surfaces making them more polar. The dynamic wettability data confirmed the presence of polar groups on the fiber surfaces. The UHMWPE fiber/epoxy resin interfacial shear strength (IFSS) increased by up to 600% for some treatment conditions. Introduction of polar groups and increased surface roughness are two main factors that contribute to the increased adhesion (IFSS) of the UHMWPE fiber/epoxy resin system significantly.
1092. Desai, H., L. Xiaolu, A. Entenberg, B. Kahn, F.D. Egitto, L.J. Matienzo, et al, “Adhesion of copper to poly(tetrafluoroethylene) surfaces modified with vacuum UV radiation downstream from He and Ar microwave plasmas,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 3, K.L. Mittal, ed., 139-158, VSP, Sep 2004.
1091. Gotoh, K., “Wettability and surface free energies of polymeric materials exposed to excimer ultraviolet light and particle deposition onto their surfaces in water,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 3, K.L. Mittal, ed., 125-138, VSP, Sep 2004.
The effects of exposure to [72 nm ultraviolet (UV) excimer light in ambient air on the wettability and surface free energy of polymer films were investigated from contact angle measurements. The polymer films used were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), poly (ethylene terephthalate)(PET), nylon 6 (Ny6) and polyimide (Pl). As a measure of the wettability, the water contact angle was determined by the sessile drop and the Wilhelmy methods. For all films, considerable increase in wettability was accomplished by UV exposure within a few tens of seconds. After the UV exposure, a decrease in the wettability, the hydrophobic recovery, was observed over a time period of several days. Even after the recovery, the wettability was sufficiently higher compared to that before the UV exposure. The Lifshitz-van der Waals component and Lewis acid-base parame-ters of the surface free energy of the films were determined by contact angle measurements using certain probe liquids. The base parameter was found to increase considerably by the UV exposure. XPS analysis and AFM observation of the film surfaces showed that such increases in the wettability and the surface free energy were due to the increased atomic oxygen concentration at the film surfaces. The effect of the UV exposure on particle deposition onto PP and PET in water was also examined using spherical polyethylene and nylon 12 particles. The apparent equilibrium number of particles deposited on the polymer substrate decreased drastically after UV exposure. The particle deposition behavior was explained well in terms of the free energy change due to deposition, which was calculated from various surface free energies.
1090. Tanaka, T., M. Yoshida, M. Shinohara, S. Watanabe, and T. Takagi, “Surface modification of PET films by plasma source ion implantation,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 3, K.L. Mittal, ed., 69-82, VSP, Sep 2004.
Abstract Application of a pulsed high negative voltage (approx. 10 us pulse width, 300-900 pulses per second (pps)) to a substrate is found to induce discharge and thereby increase the ion current of an inductively coupled plasma. This plasma source ion implantation (PSII) technique is investigated as a surface modification method for poly (ethylene terephthalate)(PET) films using Ar, N2 and CZHZ gases. PSII treatment of PET with N2 and Ar gases is found to change the color of the PET film, effectively increasing the near-ultraviolet absorption. The effects of the treatment using N2 and Ar gases on the chemical bonding of C, H and O are examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). PSII treatment with CZHQ gas is shown to produce a thin diamond-like carbon film on the PET surface. The layer is shown to be smooth by scanning electron microscopy, and the structure is analyzed by XPS and laser Raman spectroscopy. The treatment using CZHZ gas effectively reduces the oxygen transmission rate by up to 100 times that of unmodified PET film at a carbon film thickness of only 70-300 mm.
1089. Qiu, Y., X. Shao, C. Jensen, Y.J. Hwang, C. Zhang, and M.G. McCord, “The effects of atmospheric pressure plasma treatments on adhesion and mechanical properties of high-performance fibers for composites,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 3, K.L. Mittal, ed., 3-24, VSP, Sep 2004.
2554. Penache, C., C. Gessner, T. Betker, V. Bartels, A. Hollaender, and C.-P. Klages, “Plasma printing: Patterned surface functionalisation and coating at atmospheric pressure,” IEE Proceedings: Nanobiotechnology, 151, 139-144, (Aug 2004).
A new plasma-based micropatterning technique, here referred to as plasma printing, combines the well known advantages given by the nonequilibrium character of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and its operation inside small gas volumes with dimension between tens and hundreds of micrometres. The discharge is run at atmospheric pressure and can be easily implemented for patterned surface treatment with applications in biotechnology and microtechnology. In this work the local modification of dielectric substrates, e.g. polymeric films, is addressed with respect to coating and chemical functionalisation, immobilisation of biomolecules and area-selective electroless plating.
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